Classifier Instance:

Anchor text: Károly Zipernowsky
Target Entity: K\u00e1roly_Zipernowsky
Preceding Context: In the autumn of 1884,
Succeeding Context: , Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (Z.B.D.), three engineers associated with the Ganz factory, had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint 1885 patent applications for novel transformers (later called Z.B.D. transformers), they described two designs with closed magnetic circuits where copper windings were either a) wound around iron wire ring core or b) surrounded by iron wire core. The two designs were the first application of the two basic transformer construction types in common use to this day which can as a class all be termed as either core-form or shell-form (or alternatively, core-type or shell-type), as in a) or b), respectively (see images). The Ganz factory had also in the autumn of 1884 made delivery of the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers, the first of these units having been shipped on September 16, 1884. This first unit had been manufactured to the following specifications: 1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio 1.67:1, one-phase, shell-form. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the confines of the iron core, with no intentional path through air (see 'Toroidal cores' below). The new transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs. Their patents included two other major interrelated innovations: one concerning the use of parallel connected, instead of series connected, utilization loads, the other concerning the ability to have high turns ratio transformers such that the supply network voltage could be much higher (initially 1,400 to 2,000 V) than the voltage of utilization loads (100 V initially preferred). When they employed them in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power
Paragraph Title: Closed-core transformers and parallel power distribution
Source Page: Transformer

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