Contents

Title and Copyright Information

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Preface

Audience

Organization

Related Documentation

Conventions

Documentation Accessibility

Part I What Is Oracle?

1 Introduction to the Oracle Server

Database Structure and Space Management Overview

Logical Database Structures

Schemas and Schema Objects

Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments

Tablespaces

Physical Database Structures

Datafiles

Redo Log Files

Control Files

Data Utilities

Data Dictionary Overview

Data Access Overview

SQL Overview

SQL Statements

Objects Overview

Advantages of Objects

PL/SQL Overview

PL/SQL Program Units

Java Overview

XML Overview

Transactions Overview

Commit and Roll Back Transactions

Savepoints

Data Consistency Using Transactions

Data Integrity Overview

Integrity Constraints

Keys

SQL*Plus Overview

Memory Structure and Processes Overview

An Oracle Instance

Real Application Clusters: Multiple Instance Systems

Memory Structures

System Global Area

Program Global Area

Process Architecture

User (Client) Processes

Oracle Processes

The Program Interface Mechanism

Communications Software and Oracle Net Services

An Example of How Oracle Works

Application Architecture Overview

Client/Server Architecture

The Client

The Server

Multitier Architecture: Application Servers

Distributed Databases Overview

Location Transparency

Site Autonomy

Distributed Data Manipulation

Two-Phase Commit

Replication Overview

Table Replication

Multitier Materialized Views

Streams Overview

Advanced Queuing Overview

Heterogeneous Services Overview

Data Concurrency and Consistency Overview

Concurrency

Read Consistency

Read Consistency, Undo Records, and Transactions

Read-Only Transactions

Locking Mechanisms

Automatic Locking

Manual Locking

Quiesce Database

Database Security Overview

Security Mechanisms

Database Users and Schemas

Privileges

Roles

Storage Settings and Quotas

Profiles and Resource Limits

Selective Auditing of User Actions

Fine-Grained Auditing

Database Administration Overview

Enterprise Manager Overview

Database Backup and Recovery Overview

Why Recovery Is Important

Types of Failures

Structures Used for Recovery

Data Warehousing Overview

Differences Between Data Warehouse and OLTP Systems

Workload

Data Modifications

Schema Design

Typical Operations

Historical Data

Data Warehouse Architecture

Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)

Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area)

Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)

Materialized Views

OLAP Overview

Change Data Capture Overview

High Availability Overview

Transparent Application Failover

Elements Affected by Transparent Application Failover

Online Reorganization Architecture

Data Guard Overview

Data Guard Configurations

Data Guard Components

LogMiner Overview

Real Application Clusters

Real Application Clusters Guard

Content Management Overview

Oracle Internet File System Overview

Part II Database Structures

2 Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments

Introduction to Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments

Data Blocks Overview

Data Block Format

Header (Common and Variable)

Table Directory

Row Directory

Overhead

Row Data

Free Space

Free Space Management

Availability and Compression of Free Space in a Data Block

Row Chaining and Migrating

PCTFREE, PCTUSED, and Row Chaining

Extents Overview

When Extents Are Allocated

Determine the Number and Size of Extents

How Extents Are Allocated

When Extents Are Deallocated

Extents in Nonclustered Tables

Extents in Clustered Tables

Extents in Materialized Views and Their Logs

Extents in Indexes

Extents in Temporary Segments

Extents in Rollback Segments

Segments Overview

Introduction to Data Segments

Introduction to Index Segments

Introduction to Temporary Segments

Operations that Require Temporary Segments

Segments in Temporary Tables and Their Indexes

How Temporary Segments Are Allocated

Automatic Undo Management

Undo Mode

Undo Quota

Undo Retention Control

External Views

3 Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files

Introduction to Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files

Oracle-Managed Files

Allocate More Space for a Database

Tablespaces Overview

The SYSTEM Tablespace

The Data Dictionary

PL/SQL Program Units Description

Undo Tablespaces

Creation of Undo Tablespaces

Assignment of Undo Tablespaces

Default Temporary Tablespace

How to Specify a Default Temporary Tablespace

Using Multiple Tablespaces

Managing Space in Tablespaces

Locally Managed Tablespaces

Segment Space Management in Locally Managed Tablespaces

Dictionary Managed Tablespaces

Multiple Block Sizes

Online and Offline Tablespaces

When a Tablespace Goes Offline

Use of Tablespaces for Special Procedures

Read-Only Tablespaces

Temporary Tablespaces for Sort Operations

Sort Segments

Creation of Temporary Tablespaces

Transport of Tablespaces Between Databases

How to Move or Copy a Tablespace to Another Database

Datafiles Overview

Datafile Contents

Size of Datafiles

Offline Datafiles

Temporary Datafiles

Control Files Overview

Control File Contents

Multiplexed Control Files

4 The Data Dictionary

Introduction to the Data Dictionary

Structure of the Data Dictionary

Base Tables

User-Accessible Views

SYS, Owner of the Data Dictionary

How the Data Dictionary Is Used

How Oracle Uses the Data Dictionary

Public Synonyms for Data Dictionary Views

Cache the Data Dictionary for Fast Access

Other Programs and the Data Dictionary

How to Use the Data Dictionary

Views with the Prefix USER

Views with the Prefix ALL

Views with the Prefix DBA

The DUAL Table

Dynamic Performance Tables

Database Object Metadata

Part III The Oracle Instance

5 Database and Instance Startup and Shutdown

Introduction to an Oracle Instance

The Instance and the Database

Connection with Administrator Privileges

Initialization Parameter Files

How Parameter Values Are Changed

Instance and Database Startup

How an Instance Is Started

Restricted Mode of Instance Startup

Forced Startup in Abnormal Situations

How a Database Is Mounted

How a Database Is Mounted with Real Application Clusters

How a Standby Database Is Mounted

How a Clone Database Is Mounted

What Happens When You Open a Database

Instance Recovery

Undo Space Acquisition and Management

Resolution of In-Doubt Distributed Transaction

Open a Database in Read-Only Mode

Database and Instance Shutdown

Close a Database

Close the Database by Terminating the Instance

Unmount a Database

Shut Down an Instance

Abnormal Instance Shutdown

6 Application Architecture

Client/Server Architecture

Multitier Architecture

Clients

Application Servers

Database Servers

Oracle Net Services

Connectivity

Manageability

Internet Scalability

Internet Security

How Oracle Net Services Works

The Listener

Service Information Registration

7 Memory Architecture

Introduction to Oracle Memory Structures

System Global Area (SGA) Overview

Dynamic SGA

Dynamic SGA Granules

Database Buffer Cache

Organization of the Database Buffer Cache

The LRU Algorithm and Full Table Scans

Size of the Database Buffer Cache

Multiple Buffer Pools

Redo Log Buffer

Shared Pool

Library Cache

Shared SQL Areas and Private SQL Areas

PL/SQL Program Units and the Shared Pool

Dictionary Cache

Allocation and Reuse of Memory in the Shared Pool

Large Pool

Control of the SGA's Use of Memory

Other SGA Initialization Parameters

Physical Memory

SGA Starting Address

Extended Buffer Cache Mechanism

Program Global Areas (PGA) Overview

Content of the PGA

Private SQL Area

Session Memory

SQL Work Areas

PGA Memory Management for Dedicated Mode

Dedicated and Shared Servers

Software Code Areas

8 Process Architecture

Introduction to Processes

Multiple-Process Oracle Systems

Types of Processes

User Processes Overview

Connections and Sessions

Oracle Processes Overview

Server Processes

Background Processes

Database Writer Process (DBWn)

Log Writer Process (LGWR)

Checkpoint Process (CKPT)

System Monitor Process (SMON)

Process Monitor Process (PMON)

Recoverer Process (RECO)

Job Queue Processes

Archiver Processes (ARCn)

Lock Manager Server Process (LMS)

Queue Monitor Processes (QMNn)

Trace Files and the Alert Log

Shared Server Architecture

Scalability

Dispatcher Request and Response Queues

Dispatcher Processes (Dnnn)

Shared Server Processes (Snnn)

Restricted Operations of the Shared Server

Dedicated Server Configuration

The Program Interface

Program Interface Structure

Program Interface Drivers

Communications Software for the Operating System

9 Database Resource Management

Introduction to the Database Resource Manager

Database Resource Manager Overview

Example of a Simple Resource Plan

How the Database Resource Manager Works

Resource Control

Example of Resource Control

Effectiveness of the Database Resource Manager

Database Integration

Performance Overhead

Resource Plans and Resource Consumer Groups

Activation of a Resource Plan

Persistent

Dynamic

Groups of Resource Plans

Resource Allocation Methods and Resource Plan Directives

Resource Plan Directives

CPU Method

Active Session Pool with Queuing

Degree of Parallelism Limit

Automatic Consumer Group Switching

Execution Time Limit

Undo Pool

CPU Resource Allocation

CPU Allocation Rules

Levels and Priorities

Interaction with Operating-System Resource Control

Dynamic Reconfiguration

Part IV Data

10 Schema Objects

Introduction to Schema Objects

Tables

How Table Data Is Stored

Row Format and Size

Rowids of Row Pieces

Column Order

Nulls Indicate Absence of Value

Default Values for Columns

Default Value Insertion and Integrity Constraint Checking

Partitioned Tables

Nested Tables

Temporary Tables

Segment Allocation

Parent and Child Transactions

External Tables

The Access Driver

Data Loading with External Tables

Parallel Access to External Tables

Views

How Views are Stored

How Views Are Used

Mechanics of Views

Globalization Support Parameters in Views

Use of Indexes Against Views

Dependencies and Views

Updatable Join Views

Object Views

Inline Views

Materialized Views

Define Constraints on Views

Refresh Materialized Views

Materialized View Logs

Dimensions

The Sequence Generator

Synonyms

Indexes

Unique and Nonunique Indexes

Composite Indexes

Indexes and Keys

Indexes and Nulls

Function-Based Indexes

Uses of Function-Based Indexes

Optimization with Function-Based Indexes

Dependencies of Function-Based Indexes

How Indexes Are Stored

Format of Index Blocks

The Internal Structure of Indexes

Index Properties

Advantages of B-tree Structure

How Indexes Are Searched

Index Unique Scan

Index Range Scan

Index Range Scan Descending

Key Compression

Prefix and Suffix Entries

Performance and Storage Considerations

Uses of Key Compression

Reverse Key Indexes

Bitmap Indexes

Benefits for Data Warehousing Applications

Cardinality

Bitmap Index Example

Bitmap Indexes and Nulls

Bitmap Indexes on Partitioned Tables

Bitmap Join Indexes

Four Join Models

Creation of a Bitmap Join Index

Index-Organized Tables

Benefits of Index-Organized Tables

Index-Organized Tables with Row Overflow Area

Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables

Bitmap Indexes on Index-Organized Tables

Mapping Table

Partitioned Index-Organized Tables

B-tree Indexes on UROWID Columns for Heap- and Index-Organized Tables

Index-Organized Table Applications

Application Domain Indexes

Clusters

Hash Clusters

11 Partitioned Tables and Indexes

Introduction to Partitioning

Partition Key

Partitioned Tables

Partitioned Index-Organized Tables

Partitioning Methods

Range Partitioning

Range Partitioning Example

List Partitioning

List Partitioning Example

Hash Partitioning

Hash Partitioning Example

Composite Partitioning

Composite Partitioning Range-Hash Example

Composite Partitioning Range-List Example

When to Partition a Table

Partitioned Indexes

Local Partitioned Indexes

Global Partitioned Indexes

Maintenance of Global Partitioned Indexes

Global Nonpartitioned Indexes

Partitioned Index Examples

Example of Index Creation: Starting Table Used for Examples

Example of a Local Index Creation

Example of a Global Index Creation

Example of a Global Partitioned Index Creation

Example of a Partitioned Index-Organized Table Creation

Miscellaneous Information about Creating Indexes on Partitioned Tables

Using Partitioned Indexes in OLTP Applications

Using Partitioned Indexes in Data Warehousing and DSS Applications

Partitioned Indexes on Composite Partitions

Partitioning to Improve Performance

Partition Pruning

Partition Pruning Example

Partition-wise Joins

Parallel DML

12 Native Datatypes

Introduction to Oracle Datatypes

Character Datatypes

CHAR Datatype

VARCHAR2 and VARCHAR Datatypes

VARCHAR Datatype

Length Semantics for Character Datatypes

NCHAR and NVARCHAR2 Datatypes

NCHAR

NVARCHAR2

Use of Unicode Data in an Oracle Database

Implicit Type Conversion

LOB Character Datatypes

LONG Datatype

NUMBER Datatype

Internal Numeric Format

DATE Datatype

Use of Julian Dates

Date Arithmetic

Centuries and the Year 2000

Daylight Savings Support

Time Zones

Example:

LOB Datatypes

BLOB Datatype

CLOB and NCLOB Datatypes

BFILE Datatype

RAW and LONG RAW Datatypes

ROWID and UROWID Datatypes

The ROWID Pseudocolumn

Physical Rowids

Extended Rowids

Restricted Rowids

Examples of Rowid Use

How Rowids Are Used

Logical Rowids

Comparison of Logical Rowids with Physical Rowids

Guesses in Logical Rowids

Rowids in Non-Oracle Databases

ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Datatypes

XML Datatypes

XMLType Datatype

URI Datatypes

Data Conversion

13 Object Datatypes and Object Views

Introduction to Object Datatypes

Complex Data Models

Complex Data Model Example

Multimedia Datatypes

Object Datatype Categories

Object Types

Purchase Order Example

Types of Methods

Object Tables

Object Identifiers

Object Views Description

REFs

Collection Types

VARRAYs

Nested Tables Description

Type Inheritance

FINAL and NOT FINAL Types

Example of Creating a NOT FINAL Object Type

NOT INSTANTIABLE Types and Methods

User-Defined Aggregate Functions

Why Have User-Defined Aggregate Functions?

Creation and Use of UDAGs

How Do Aggregate Functions Work?

Application Interfaces

SQL

PL/SQL

Pro*C/C++

Dynamic Creation and Access of Type Descriptions

OCI

OTT

JPublisher

JDBC

SQLJ

SQLJ Object Types

Datatype Evolution

Introduction to Object Views

Advantages of Object Views

How Object Views Are Defined

Use of Object Views

Updates of Object Views

Updates of Nested Table Columns in Views

View Hierarchies

Part V Data Access

14 SQL, PL/SQL, and Java

SQL Overview

SQL Statements

Data Manipulation Language Statements

Data Definition Language Statements

Transaction Control Statements

Session Control Statements

System Control Statements

Embedded SQL Statements

Identification of Nonstandard SQL

Recursive SQL

Cursors

Scrollable Cursors

Shared SQL

Parsing

SQL Processing

SQL Statement Execution

DML Statement Processing

DDL Statement Processing

Control of Transactions

The Optimizer Overview

Execution Plans

PL/SQL Overview

How PL/SQL Runs

Native Execution

Interpreted Execution

Language Constructs for PL/SQL

Variables and Constants

Cursors

Exceptions

Dynamic SQL in PL/SQL

PL/SQL Program Units

Stored Procedures and Functions

PL/SQL Packages

PL/SQL Collections and Records

Collections

Records

PL/SQL Server Pages

Java Overview

Java and Object-Oriented Programming Terminology

Classes

Class Hierarchy

Interfaces

Polymorphism

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Why Use Java in Oracle?

Multithreading

Automated Storage Management

Footprint

Performance

Dynamic Class Loading

Oracle's Java Application Strategy

Java Stored Procedures

PL/SQL Integration and Oracle RDBMS Functionality

15 Dependencies Among Schema Objects

Introduction to Dependency Issues

Resolution of Schema Object Dependencies

Compilation of Views and PL/SQL Program Units

Views and Base Tables

Program Units and Referenced Objects

Data Warehousing Considerations

Session State and Referenced Packages

Security Authorizations

Function-Based Index Dependencies

Requirements

DETERMINISTIC Functions

Privileges on the Defining Function

Resolve Dependencies of Function-Based Indexes

Object Name Resolution

Shared SQL Dependency Management

Local and Remote Dependency Management

Management of Local Dependencies

Management of Remote Dependencies

Dependencies Among Local and Remote Database Procedures

Dependencies Among Other Remote Schema Objects

Dependencies of Applications

16 Transaction Management

Introduction to Transactions

Statement Execution and Transaction Control

Statement-Level Rollback

Resumable Space Allocation

Transaction Management Overview

Commit Transactions

Rollback of Transactions

Savepoints In Transactions

Transaction Naming

How Transactions Are Named

Commit Comment

The Two-Phase Commit Mechanism

Discrete Transaction Management

Autonomous Transactions

Autonomous PL/SQL Blocks

Transaction Control Statements in Autonomous Blocks

17 Triggers

Introduction to Triggers

How Triggers Are Used

Some Cautionary Notes about Triggers

Triggers Compared with Declarative Integrity Constraints

Parts of a Trigger

The Triggering Event or Statement

Trigger Restriction

Trigger Action

Types of Triggers

Row Triggers and Statement Triggers

Row Triggers

Statement Triggers

BEFORE and AFTER Triggers

BEFORE Triggers

AFTER Triggers

Trigger Type Combinations

INSTEAD OF Triggers

Modify Views

Views That Are Not Modifiable

INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables

Triggers on System Events and User Events

Event Publication

Event Attributes

System Events

User Events

Trigger Execution

The Execution Model for Triggers and Integrity Constraint Checking

Data Access for Triggers

Storage of PL/SQL Triggers

Execution of Triggers

Dependency Maintenance for Triggers

Part VI Parallel SQL and Direct-Load INSERT

18 Parallel Execution of SQL Statements

Introduction to Parallel Execution

When to Implement Parallel Execution

When Not to Implement Parallel Execution

How Parallel Execution Works

Parallelized SQL Statements

Parallelism Between Operations

Degree of Parallelism

Parallel Query Intra- and Inter-Operation Example

SQL Operations That Can Be Parallelized

Parallel Query

Parallel DDL

DDL Statements that can be Parallelized

Parallel DML

SQL*Loader

How to Make a Statement Run in Parallel

Parallel Query

Parallel DDL

Parallel DML

19 Direct-Path INSERT

Introduction to Direct-Path INSERT

Advantages of Direct-Path INSERT

Serial and Parallel Direct-Path INSERT

Direct-Path INSERT Into Partitioned and Nonpartitioned Tables

Serial Direct-Path INSERT into Partitioned and Nonpartitioned Tables

Parallel Direct-Path INSERT into Partitioned Tables

Parallel Direct-Path INSERT into Nonpartitioned Tables

Direct-Path INSERT and Logging Mode

Direct-Path INSERT with Logging

Direct-Path INSERT without Logging

Additional Considerations for Direct-Path INSERT

Index Maintenance with Direct-Path INSERT

Space Considerations with Direct-Path INSERT

Locking Considerations with Direct-Path INSERT

Part VII Data Protection

20 Data Concurrency and Consistency

Introduction to Data Concurrency and Consistency in a Multiuser Environment

Preventable Phenomena and Transaction Isolation Levels

Overview of Locking Mechanisms

How Oracle Manages Data Concurrency and Consistency

Multiversion Concurrency Control

Statement-Level Read Consistency

Transaction-Level Read Consistency

Read Consistency with Real Application Clusters

Oracle Isolation Levels

Set the Isolation Level

Read Committed Isolation

Serializable Isolation

Comparison of Read Committed and Serializable Isolation

Transaction Set Consistency

Row-Level Locking

Referential Integrity

Distributed Transactions

Choice of Isolation Level

Read Committed Isolation

Serializable Isolation

Quiesce Database

How Oracle Locks Data

Transactions and Data Concurrency

Modes of Locking

Lock Duration

Data Lock Conversion Versus Lock Escalation

Deadlocks

Deadlock Detection

Avoid Deadlocks

Types of Locks

DML Locks

Row Locks (TX)

Table Locks (TM)

DML Locks Automatically Acquired for DML Statements

DDL Locks

Exclusive DDL Locks

Share DDL Locks

Breakable Parse Locks

Duration of DDL Locks

DDL Locks and Clusters

Latches and Internal Locks

Latches

Internal Locks

Explicit (Manual) Data Locking

Examples of Concurrency under Explicit Locking

Oracle Lock Management Services

Flashback Query

Flashback Query Benefits

Some Uses of Flashback Query

Self-Service Repair

E-Mail or Voice Mail Applications

Account Balances

Packaged Applications

21 Data Integrity

Introduction to Data Integrity

Types of Data Integrity

Null Rule

Unique Column Values

Primary Key Values

Referential Integrity Rules

Complex Integrity Checking

How Oracle Enforces Data Integrity

Integrity Constraints Description

Database Triggers

Introduction to Integrity Constraints

Advantages of Integrity Constraints

Declarative Ease

Centralized Rules

Maximum Application Development Productivity

Immediate User Feedback

Superior Performance

Flexibility for Data Loads and Identification of Integrity Violations

The Performance Cost of Integrity Constraints

Types of Integrity Constraints

NOT NULL Integrity Constraints

UNIQUE Key Integrity Constraints

Unique Keys

UNIQUE Key Constraints and Indexes

Combine UNIQUE Key and NOT NULL Integrity Constraints

PRIMARY KEY Integrity Constraints

Primary Keys

PRIMARY KEY Constraints and Indexes

Referential Integrity Constraints

Self-Referential Integrity Constraints

Nulls and Foreign Keys

Actions Defined by Referential Integrity Constraints

Concurrency Control, Indexes, and Foreign Keys

CHECK Integrity Constraints

The Check Condition

Multiple CHECK Constraints

The Mechanisms of Constraint Checking

Default Column Values and Integrity Constraint Checking

Deferred Constraint Checking

Constraint Attributes

SET CONSTRAINTS Mode

Unique Constraints and Indexes

Constraint States

Constraint State Modification

22 Controlling Database Access

Introduction to Database Security

Schemas, Database Users, and Security Domains

User Authentication

Authentication by the Operating System

Authentication by the Network

Third Party-Based Authentication Technologies

Public Key Infrastructure-Based Authentication

Remote Authentication

Authentication by the Oracle Database

Password Encryption While Connecting

Account Locking

Password Lifetime and Expiration

Password History

Password Complexity Verification

Multitier Authentication and Authorization

Clients, Application Servers, and Database Servers

Security Issues for Middle-Tier Applications

Identity Issues in a Multitier Environment

Restricted Privileges in a Multitier Environment

Authentication by the Secure Socket Layer Protocol

Authentication of Database Administrators

Oracle Internet Directory

User Tablespace Settings and Quotas

Default Tablespace Option

Temporary Tablespace Option

Tablespace Access and Quotas

The User Group PUBLIC

User Resource Limits and Profiles

Types of System Resources and Limits

CPU Time

Logical Reads

Other Resources

Profiles

When to Use Profiles

Determine Values for Resource Limits of a Profile

23 Privileges, Roles, and Security Policies

Introduction to Privileges

System Privileges

Grant and Revoke System Privileges

Who Can Grant or Revoke System Privileges?

Schema Object Privileges

Grant and Revoke Schema Object Privileges

Who Can Grant Schema Object Privileges?

Table Security

Data Manipulation Language Operations

Data Definition Language Operations

View Security

Privileges Required to Create Views

Increase Table Security with Views

Procedure Security

Procedure Execution and Security Domains

System Privileges Needed to Create or Alter a Procedure

Packages and Package Objects

Type Security

System Privileges for Named Types

Object Privileges

Method Execution Model

Privileges Required to Create Types and Tables Using Types

Privileges Required to Create Types and Tables Using Types Example

Privileges on Type Access and Object Access

Type Dependencies

Introduction to Roles

Common Uses for Roles

Application Roles

User Roles

The Mechanisms of Roles

Grant and Revoke Roles

Who Can Grant or Revoke Roles?

Role Names

Security Domains of Roles and Users

PL/SQL Blocks and Roles

Named Blocks with Definer Rights

Anonymous Blocks with Invoker Rights

Data Definition Language Statements and Roles

Predefined Roles

The Operating System and Roles

Roles in a Distributed Environment

Fine-Grained Access Control

Dynamic Predicates

Application Context

Secure Application Roles

Creation of Secure Application Roles

24 Auditing

Introduction to Auditing

Features of Auditing

Types of Auditing

Focus of Auditing

Audit Records and the Audit Trail

Mechanisms for Auditing

When Are Audit Records Generated?

Events Always Audited to the Operating System Audit Trail

When Do Audit Options Take Effect?

Audit in a Distributed Database

Audit to the Operating System Audit Trail

Statement Auditing

Privilege Auditing

Schema Object Auditing

Schema Object Audit Options for Views and Procedures

Fine-Grained Auditing

Focus Statement, Privilege, and Schema Object Auditing

Successful and Unsuccessful Statement Executions Auditing

BY SESSION and BY ACCESS Clauses of Audit Statement

BY SESSION

BY ACCESS

Defaults and Excluded Operations

Audit By User

Audit in a Multitier Environment

A Operating System Specific Information

B Information on Deprecated Features

Allocating Extents in Dictionary Managed Tablespaces

Introduction to Rollback Segments

Contents of a Rollback Segment

How Rollback Entries Are Logged

When Rollback Information Is Required

Transactions and Rollback Segments

How Extents Are Deallocated from a Rollback Segment

The Rollback Segment SYSTEM

Oracle Instances and Types of Rollback Segments

Rollback Segment States

Deferred Rollback Segments

High Water Mark

PCTFREE, PCTUSED, and Row Chaining

Glossary

Index