Classifier Instance:

Anchor text: Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
Target Entity: Necker\u002dEnfants_Malades_Hospital
Preceding Context: The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec at the
Succeeding Context: in Paris. It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. His device was similar to the common ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a "microphone". The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829. In 1840, Golding Bird described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope but he noted in his paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird's stethoscope had a single earpiece. Samuel Wilks, "Evolution of the stethoscope", Popular Science, vol.22, no.28, pp.488-491, Feb 1883 . Golding Bird, , London Medical Gazette, vol.1, pp.440-412, 11 December 1840. In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852 George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice.
Paragraph Title: History
Source Page: Stethoscope

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