| JPEG | ... instance, it was both possible and encouraged to store a common format like | along with editable binary format, but in practice few developers followed ... |
| A* search algorithm | ... red, including greedy algorithms, randomized search, genetic algorithms and | |
| Grover's algorithm | There are also search methods designed for quantum computers, like | , that are theoretically faster than linear or brute-force search even wit ... |
| naturalized | ... its native Europe, and in North America and Australia, where it has become | |
| Karmarkar Linear Programming Algorithm | ... an important component in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In 1984, the | was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divesti ... |
| Cooperative breeding | ... ays are cooperatively breeding corvids where the helpers are mostly female. | takes place when additional adults help raise the nestlings. Such helpers ... |
| Top-down parsing | ... er the known fundamental structures are compatible with the hypothesis. See | and Bottom-up parsing |
| Euclidean algorithm | ... en, pp. 29–31 algorithm for calculating the Jacobi symbol, analogous to the | for finding the GCD of two numbers. (This should not be surprising in ligh ... |
| Boyer–Moore | ... ithms, that search for patterns within strings. Two famous examples are the | and Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithms, and several algorithms based on the suf ... |
| Ridders' method | ... he secant method, but requires the two starting points to bracket the root. | is a variant on the false-position method that also evaluates the function ... |
| Durand–Kerner | The simple | and the slightly more complicated Aberth method simultaneously finds all t ... |
| PageRank | ... gle's search-results pages is based, in part, on a priority rank called a " | ". Google Search provides many options for customized search, using Boolea ... |
| exponential | ... s, many skewed distributions are best described by their mean – such as the | and Poisson distributions |
| Poisson process | ... is poorly mimicked. As a result, queueing models are frequently modeled as | es through the use of the exponential distribution |
| schedulability | ... jitter in the interrupt latency, which can drastically affect the real-time | of the system. The Intel APIC Architecture is well known for producing a h ... |
| DNA repair | ... of transcription and protein biosynthesis. This information is protected by | mechanisms and propagated through DNA replication. Many viruses have an RN ... |
| ROAM | The Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes ( | ) algorithm computes a dynamically changing triangulation of a terrain. It ... |
| Bottom-up parsing | ... tal structures are compatible with the hypothesis. See Top-down parsing and | |
| Vorbis | ... ectronics, and AT&T. In addition, there is also the open source file format | that has been available free of charge and without any known patent restri ... |
| Vorbis | Newer audio compression formats such as AAC, WMA Pro and | are generally void of a number of these limitations |
| LL parser | ... the order in which the pieces of code will be executed. See for an example | s and LR parsers |
| Barrett reduction | - 2^9 - 2^8 - 2^7 - 2^6 - 2^4 - 1. Compared to | there can be an order of magnitude speedup. The speedup here is a practica ... |
| Poissonian | ... h occurs in the form of quantized units called photons. Their statistics is | and the damping of statistic values of time between jumps is exponential ( ... |
| LR parser | ... hich the pieces of code will be executed. See for an example LL parsers and | s |
| Baddeley's model of working memory | ... n is part of many theories of short-term memory, the most notable one being | . The decay assumption is usually paired with the idea of rapid covert reh ... |
| Aberth method | The simple Durand–Kerner and the slightly more complicated | simultaneously finds all the roots using only simple complex number arithm ... |
| Grover's algorithm | ... lassical computers. If a suitably sized quantum computer capable of running | reliably becomes available, it would reduce a 128-bit key down to 64-bit s ... |
| binary exponentiation | ... n, can be computed quickly using techniques of fast exponentiation such as | , which takes only O(log n) field operations. No fast way of computing the ... |
| Banker's algorithm | One known algorithm that is used for deadlock avoidance is the | , which requires resource usage limit to be known in advance. However, for ... |
| Computus | ... cess that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. (See also | and Reform of the date of Easter.) In particular, the Council did not decr ... |
| Brent's method | | is a combination of the bisection method, the secant method and inverse qu ... |
| Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm | ... implementation. fgrep searches for any of a list of fixed strings using the | . These variants of grep persist in most modern grep implementations as co ... |
| JPEG | ... f the Kronecker product. It appears in lossy compression algorithms such as | |
| Move to front | # | (MTF): again, this transform does not alter the size of the processed bloc ... |
| fermentation | ... sually brandy, to it. Stronger drinks, such as liquors, are distilled after | to increase their alcohol content. These form a very broad category of bev ... |
| precipitation | ... ty of techniques including distillation especially fractional distillation, | , crystallization, adsorption, filtration, sublimation, and drying |
| AAC | Newer audio compression formats such as | , WMA Pro and Vorbis are generally void of a number of these limitations |
| UPC | ... pallet using RFID tags, and at package level with Universal Product Code ( | ) or EAN from unique barcodes |
| Natural selection | # | is by far the main mechanism of change; even slight advantages are importa ... |
| DEFLATE | ... s without having to continuously supply new tables, as would be required in | . Run-length encoding in the previous step is designed to take care of cod ... |
| AGM method | This can be used for algorithmic purposes as in the | |
| decompression algorithms | ... -gassing). A consequence of the higher loading in some tissues is that many | require deeper decompression stops than a similar decompression dive using ... |
| LZMA | ... Deflate (.zip and .gz) compression algorithms, but is considerably slower. | is generally more space-efficient than bzip2 at the expense of slower comp ... |
| LL parser | ... ley parser is an example of such an algorithm, while the widely used LR and | s are simpler algorithms that deal only with more restrictive subsets of c ... |
| Entropy encoding | #redirect | |
| Huffman coding | ... similar frequencies together, inserting length coding zeros, and then using | on what is left |
| quantized | # The amplitudes of the frequency components are | . Human vision is much more sensitive to small variations in color or brig ... |
| Poisson process | Models based on the | often respond to inputs from the environment in a manner that mimics the r ... |
| UPC | ... time" auction format to include "Buy It Now" standard shopping; shopping by | , ISBN, or other kind of SKU (via Half.com); online classified advertiseme ... |
| adiabatically | ... ce at times. As it descends, the air not only becomes drier, but also warms | by compression. The southern California coastal region gets some of its ho ... |
| Caesarean section | In July 1999, Lori Dalton gave birth by | in Ogden, Utah, USA, to a healthy baby girl who had developed outside of t ... |
| DNA repair | ... arly all of the so-called "accelerated aging diseases" are due to defective | enzymes |
| Poisson process | ... exponential probability distribution often meets these two requirements. A | models random events (such as a customer arrival, a request for action fro ... |
| Hymenotomy | ... hout medical necessity, with significant damage to the person giving birth. | is the surgical perforation of an imperforate hymen. It may be performed t ... |
| AAC | Many other lossy and lossless audio codecs exist. Among these, mp3PRO, | , and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depe ... |
| LR parser | ... ser generators like yacc use LALR(1) parse tables to construct a restricted | with a fixed one-token lookahead |
| Poisson distribution | ... he values of a finite number of parameters. For example, one talks about "a | with mean value λ". The function defining the distribution (the probabilit ... |
| Prim's algorithm | ... stra's algorithm, Kruskal's algorithm, the nearest neighbour algorithm, and | |
| Web crawler | ... pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the | or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semant ... |
| Delta encoding | # | (Δ): Huffman code bit-lengths are required to reconstruct each of the used ... |
| International Standard Book Number | The | s work with a check digit, which exploits the fact that 11 is a prime |
| A* search algorithm | The | finds the shortest path between two vertices or nodes of a weighted graph, ... |
| indexes | The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google | are not known, as it is very difficult to accurately calculate. Google not ... |
| prime factorization | ... be identical except for the order of the factors. So, albeit there are many | algorithms to do this in practice for larger numbers, they all have to yie ... |
| Caesarean section | ... g development, and thus may cause an increased risk for asthma and allergy. | s have been associated with asthma, possibly because of modifications to t ... |
| Burrows–Wheeler transform | bzip2 compresses data in blocks of size between 100 and 900 kB and uses the | to convert frequently-recurring character sequences into strings of identi ... |
| Las Vegas algorithm | ... arlo algorithms with polynomial bounded running time. This is compared to a | which is a randomized algorithm which either outputs the correct answer, o ... |
| Edmonds–Karp algorithm | ... was published in 1954. The name "Ford–Fulkerson" is often also used for the | , which is a specialization of Ford–Fulkerson |
| Edmonds–Karp algorithm | ... teed termination and a runtime independent of the maximum flow value is the | , which runs in O(VE^2) time |
| DNA repair | ... tabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, | , and transcription. Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove c ... |
| International Standard Book Number | The CD case for the album was rather unique as there was an | on the back cover |
| Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm | ... ch for patterns within strings. Two famous examples are the Boyer–Moore and | s, and several algorithms based on the suffix tree data structure |
| Deflate | bzip2 compresses most files more effectively than the older LZW (.Z) and | (.zip and .gz) compression algorithms, but is considerably slower. LZMA is ... |
| Grover's algorithm | ... two best known quantum computing attacks are based on Shor's algorithm and | . Of the two, Shor's offers the greater risk to current security systems |
| Euclidean algorithm | ... subring of the ring of all quaternions for which there is an analog of the | |
| UPC | RFID tags are often a complement, but not a substitute, for | or EAN barcodes. They may not ever completely replace barcodes, due in par ... |
| SMA* | ... t is given highest priority. If memory limitations make A* impractical, the | algorithm can be used instead, with a double-ended priority queue to allow ... |
| Poisson process | ... modeled and the form of their solution. Even a queueing model based on the | that does a relatively poor job of mimicking detailed system performance c ... |
| Shor's algorithm | The two best known quantum computing attacks are based on | and Grover's algorithm. Of the two, Shor's offers the greater risk to curr ... |
| Monte Carlo algorithm | A | is a randomized algorithm which is likely to be correct. Problems in the c ... |
| Quicksort | The | sorting algorithm, relating a list to its sorted version |
| Pidgeon process | ... a different method of obtaining the metal from its ores, the silicothermic | (the reduction of the oxide at high temperatures with silicon) |
| Huffman coding | ... o strings of identical letters. It then applies move-to-front transform and | . bzip2's ancestor bzip used arithmetic coding instead of Huffman. The cha ... |
| PageRank | ... o a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the | algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far ... |
| JPEG | Expanding the 8x8 | blocks into the third dimension that is into 8x8x8 cubes and modifying the ... |
| Vorbis | ... exist both free and/or proprietary alternatives, with free formats such as | , FLAC, and others. Microsoft's usage of its own proprietary Windows Media ... |
| lossless | ... wer level of compression; they may be eliminated by saving an image using a | file format, though for photographic images this will usually result in a ... |
| top-down | In computer science, an LL parser is a | parser for a subset of the context-free grammars. It parses the input from ... |
| Occam's razor | ... rvation law!s, Ohm's law, and others. Laws of other fields of study include | as a principle of philosophy and Say's law in economics. Examples of obser ... |
| Dijkstra's algorithm | - y_j + y_i are nonnegative and A* essentially runs | on these reduced costs |
| PageRank | ... ogle's rise to success was in large part due to a patented algorithm called | that helps rank web pages that match a given search string. When Google wa ... |
| SHA-2 | ... d in the open academic community, in contrast to the NSA-designed SHA-1 and | algorithms. On the other hand, RIPEMD-160 appears to be used somewhat less ... |
| Schönhage–Strassen algorithm | ... e Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, Lipschitz continuity, the Petri net, the | , Faltings' theorem and the Toeplitz matrix are all named after University ... |
| radioactive | ... ast electronegative elements, the other being caesium. Francium is a highly | metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it ... |
| Poisson distribution | ... e system in each state. Incoming traffic to these systems is modelled via a | and is subject to Erlang’s queueing theory assumptions viz |
| JPEG | ... to capture video stills from video camera, VCR or broadcast television as a | , and included a video tuner that allowed one to schedule a VCR in a manne ... |
| SHA-1 | ... n principles used in MD4, and is similar in performance to the more popular | |
| XOR swap algorithm | #redirect | |
| Broyden's method | ... imately 1.6). A generalization of the secant method in higher dimensions is | |
| Newton's method | ... locating and separating roots. This plus interval arithmetic combined with | yields robust and fast algorithms |
| Run-length encoding | # | (RLE): any sequence of 4 to 255 consecutive duplicate symbols is replaced ... |
| LZW | bzip2 compresses most files more effectively than the older | (.Z) and Deflate (.zip and .gz) compression algorithms, but is considerabl ... |
| JPEG | ... measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB | —and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when mu ... |
| DEFLATE | ... map uses between 32 and 272 bits of storage (4–34 bytes). For contrast, the | algorithm would show the absence of a symbol by encoding the symbol as hav ... |
| Advanced Audio Coding | ... d or have effects applied. Audio data compression techniques — such as MP3, | , Ogg Vorbis, or FLAC — are commonly employed to reduce the file size. Dig ... |
| chest drain | ... ces might require chest surgery. Moderately sized pneumothoraces might need | management for several days in a hospital. Large pneumothoraces are likely ... |
| SHA-1 | ... as designed in the open academic community, in contrast to the NSA-designed | and SHA-2 algorithms. On the other hand, RIPEMD-160 appears to be used som ... |
| Poisson process | ... cient accuracy and is analytically tractable. A queueing model based on the | and its companion exponential probability distribution often meets these t ... |
| Linear hashing | | is a hash table algorithm that permits incremental hash table expansion. I ... |
| radioactive | Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain | material. Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power gene ... |
| Nuss procedure | ... elp improve function and prevent injuries in individuals with Marfan's. The | is now being offered to people with Marfan syndrome to correct 'sunken che ... |
| flashbacks | ... ndividually for the first week after dextromethorphan use: fatigue, apathy, | , and constipation. Over a quarter reported insomnia, nightmares, anhedoni ... |
| LALR(1) | ... limited lookahead. By contrast, traditional parser generators like yacc use | parse tables to construct a restricted LR parser with a fixed one-token lo ... |
| maximin | ... rinciple for evaluating the choices before them. Borrowed from game theory, | stands for maximizing the minimum, i.e. making the choice that produces th ... |
| Flue gas desulfurization | ... The chemical reaction produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide meaning that | is an essential part of its manufacture to comply with pollution regulatio ... |
| local search | An important subclass are the | methods, that view the elements of the search space as the vertices of a g ... |
| Ostrich algorithm | ... ssumed that a deadlock will never occur. This is also an application of the | . This approach was initially used by MINIX and UNIX |
| Householder's method | ... onal problems. Newton-like methods with higher order of convergence are the | s. The first one after Newton's method is Halley's method with cubic order ... |
| Earley parser | ... string, determine whether and how it can be generated from the grammar. An | is an example of such an algorithm, while the widely used LR and LL parser ... |
| Grover's algorithm | ... tum computing attacks. They are widely conjectured to be most vulnerable to | . Bennett, Bernstein, Brassard, and Vazirani proved in 1996 that a brute-f ... |
| Dijkstra's algorithm | ... priority queue can be used to extract minimum efficiently when implementing | |
| Dijkstra's algorithm | ... ven graph — such as subgraphs, paths, circuits, and so on. Examples include | , Kruskal's algorithm, the nearest neighbour algorithm, and Prim's algorit ... |
| Ogg Vorbis | ... ed. Audio data compression techniques — such as MP3, Advanced Audio Coding, | , or FLAC — are commonly employed to reduce the file size. Digital audio c ... |
| Poisson distribution | ... istributions are best described by their mean – such as the exponential and | s |
| Kruskal's algorithm | ... bgraphs, paths, circuits, and so on. Examples include Dijkstra's algorithm, | , the nearest neighbour algorithm, and Prim's algorithm |
| Poisson probability distribution | ... event does not depend upon the time of occurrence of the last event. In the | , the observer records the number of events that occur in a time interval ... |
| Halley's method | ... gence are the Householder's methods. The first one after Newton's method is | with cubic order of convergence |
| Scheduling (computing) | See also: | , queueing theor |
| LGAT | ... empts to aid the "seeker" have moved into the "self-help" marketplace, with | |
| precipitates | ... alcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters (groundwater that | the material in caves). This produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and ... |
| phonological loop | ... 86 model of working memory there are two short-term storage mechanisms: the | and the visuospatial sketchpad. Most of the research referred to here invo ... |
| Liver biopsies | | are used to determine the degree of liver damage present; however, there a ... |
| Forensic science | ... al Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, | , Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, ... |
| Newton's method | | assumes the function f to have a continuous derivative. Newton's method ma ... |
| radioactivity | ... he becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the SI-derived unit of | . One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material ... |
| memoryless | ... he completion of the actions requested of a web server) as emanating from a | process. That is, the length of the time interval from the current time to ... |
| Shor's algorithm | Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to a modified | for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves |
| DNA repair | ... es affect a variety of physiological processes, including the efficiency of | , antioxidant enzymes, and rates of free radical production |
| CYK algorithm | ... r a given string is in the language represented by that grammar or not (the | ) |
| lossy | The compression method is usually | , meaning that some original image information is lost and cannot be resto ... |
| Caesarean section | ... birth to a healthy full term 6 pound 3 ounce (2.8 kg) baby girl, Durga, via | . She had no problems or complications during the 38‑week pregnancy |
| Huffman coding | # | : this process replaces fixed length symbols in the range 0–258 with varia ... |
| date of Easter | ... fast, falling on a different date each year because it is dependent on the | . It can occur as early as February 4 or as late as March 10 |
| lossless | ... cannot be restored, possibly affecting image quality. There is an optional | mode defined in the JPEG standard; however, this mode is not widely suppor ... |
| Pollard's rho | ... stest known algorithms that allow to solve the ECDLP (baby-step giant-step, | , etc.), need O(\sqrt{n}) steps, it follows that the size of the underlyin ... |
| Parsing | | is the process of analyzing an input sequence (such as that read from a fi ... |
| Euclidean shortest path | For shortest path problems in computational geometry, see | |
| Lenstra elliptic curve factorization | ... er factorization algorithms that have applications in cryptography, such as | |
| Laguerre's method | ... y and fast convergence even in the presence of multiple or clustered roots. | , as well as Halley's method, use second order derivatives and complex ari ... |
| JPEG | ... this point a dynamic filter may be applied on the return path. For example, | files could be blocked based on fleshtone matches, or language filters cou ... |
| ray-tracing | ... ges this will usually result in a larger file size. The images created with | programs have noticeable blocky shapes on the terrain. Certain low-intensi ... |
| Edmonds–Karp | ... first search in G_f(V,E_f) . If you use the former, the algorithm is called | |
| Schönhage–Strassen algorithm | ... ding portions of the output. Other fast convolution algorithms, such as the | , use fast Fourier transforms in other rings |
| black and white | The film is shot in | and was produced on a shoe-string budget by four student filmmakers, led b ... |
| LR parser | ... d constructs a Leftmost derivation of the sentence (hence LL, compared with | ). The class of grammars which are parsable in this way is known as the LL ... |
| JPEG | WinZip 12.0 (2008) added support of creating ZIP archives with lossless | and LZMA compression methods; .ISO, .IMG, 7-Zip archive extractions. Added ... |
| Shor's algorithm | ... n-bit integer. However, the best known quantum algorithm for this problem, | , does run in polynomial time. Unfortunately, this fact doesn't say much a ... |
| Halley's method | Laguerre's method, as well as | , use second order derivatives and complex arithmetics, including the comp ... |
| pellets | ... cket. The hydrazine was ignited using nitrogen tetroxide and aluminum oxide | , and thrust direction was controlled by four jet vanes situated below the ... |
| Evaluation Assurance Level | ... tary systems. In fact common criteria (CC) at the highest assurance level ( | (EAL) 7) has an explicit requirement that the target of evaluation be “sim ... |
| PageRank | ... his personal wealth is estimated to be $18.7 billion. He is the inventor of | , which became the foundation of Google's search ranking algorithm |
| Amine gas treating | ... sour gas containing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). This untreated gas is toxic. | , an industrial scale process which removes acidic gaseous components, is ... |
| Chunking | | is the process by which one can expand his/her ability to remember things ... |