java.net
Class URI

java.lang.Object
  java.net.URI

All Implemented Interfaces:

Comparable, Serializable

public final class URI

extends Object

implements Comparable, Serializable

Represents a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) reference.

An instance of this class represents a URI reference as defined by RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, amended by RFC 2732: Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs and with the minor deviations noted below. This class provides constructors for creating URI instances from their components or by parsing their string forms, methods for accessing the various components of an instance, and methods for normalizing, resolving, and relativizing URI instances. Instances of this class are immutable.

URI syntax and components

At the highest level a URI reference (hereinafter simply "URI") in string form has the syntax

[scheme:]scheme-specific-part[#fragment]

where square brackets [...] delineate optional components and the characters : and # stand for themselves.

An absolute URI specifies a scheme; a URI that is not absolute is said to be relative. URIs are also classified according to whether they are opaque or hierarchical.

An opaque URI is an absolute URI whose scheme-specific part does not begin with a slash character ('/'). Opaque URIs are not subject to further parsing. Some examples of opaque URIs are:

mailto:java-net@java.sun.com
news:comp.lang.java
urn:isbn:096139210x

A hierarchical URI is either an absolute URI whose scheme-specific part begins with a slash character, or a relative URI, that is, a URI that does not specify a scheme. Some examples of hierarchical URIs are:

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/
docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28
../../../demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java
file:///~/calendar

A hierarchical URI is subject to further parsing according to the syntax

[scheme:][//authority][path][?query][#fragment]

where the characters :, /, ?, and # stand for themselves. The scheme-specific part of a hierarchical URI consists of the characters between the scheme and fragment components.

The authority component of a hierarchical URI is, if specified, either server-based or registry-based. A server-based authority parses according to the familiar syntax

[user-info@]host[:port]

where the characters @ and : stand for themselves. Nearly all URI schemes currently in use are server-based. An authority component that does not parse in this way is considered to be registry-based.

The path component of a hierarchical URI is itself said to be absolute if it begins with a slash character ('/'); otherwise it is relative. The path of a hierarchical URI that is either absolute or specifies an authority is always absolute.

All told, then, a URI instance has the following nine components:

Component	Type
scheme	String
scheme-specific-part	String
authority	String
user-info	String
host	String
port	int
path	String
query	String
fragment	String

In a given instance any particular component is either undefined or defined with a distinct value. Undefined string components are represented by null, while undefined integer components are represented by -1. A string component may be defined to have the empty string as its value; this is not equivalent to that component being undefined.

Whether a particular component is or is not defined in an instance depends upon the type of the URI being represented. An absolute URI has a scheme component. An opaque URI has a scheme, a scheme-specific part, and possibly a fragment, but has no other components. A hierarchical URI always has a path (though it may be empty) and a scheme-specific-part (which at least contains the path), and may have any of the other components. If the authority component is present and is server-based then the host component will be defined and the user-information and port components may be defined.

Operations on URI instances

The key operations supported by this class are those of normalization, resolution, and relativization.

Normalization is the process of removing unnecessary "." and ".." segments from the path component of a hierarchical URI. Each "." segment is simply removed. A ".." segment is removed only if it is preceded by a non-".." segment. Normalization has no effect upon opaque URIs.

Resolution is the process of resolving one URI against another, base URI. The resulting URI is constructed from components of both URIs in the manner specified by RFC 2396, taking components from the base URI for those not specified in the original. For hierarchical URIs, the path of the original is resolved against the path of the base and then normalized. The result, for example, of resolving

docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28 (1)

against the base URI http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/ is the result URI

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28

Resolving the relative URI

../../../demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java (2)

against this result yields, in turn,

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java

Resolution of both absolute and relative URIs, and of both absolute and relative paths in the case of hierarchical URIs, is supported. Resolving the URI file:///~calendar against any other URI simply yields the original URI, since it is absolute. Resolving the relative URI (2) above against the relative base URI (1) yields the normalized, but still relative, URI

demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java

Relativization, finally, is the inverse of resolution: For any two normalized URIs u and v,

u.relativize(u.resolve(v)).equals(v) and
u.resolve(u.relativize(v)).equals(v) .

This operation is often useful when constructing a document containing URIs that must be made relative to the base URI of the document wherever possible. For example, relativizing the URI

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/index.html

against the base URI

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3

yields the relative URI docs/guide/index.html.

Character categories

RFC 2396 specifies precisely which characters are permitted in the various components of a URI reference. The following categories, most of which are taken from that specification, are used below to describe these constraints:

alpha	The US-ASCII alphabetic characters, 'A' through 'Z' and 'a' through 'z'
digit	The US-ASCII decimal digit characters, '0' through '9'
alphanum	All alpha and digit characters
unreserved	All alphanum characters together with those in the string "_-!.~'()*"
punct	The characters in the string ",;:$&+="
reserved	All punct characters together with those in the string "?/[]@"
escaped	Escaped octets, that is, triplets consisting of the percent character ('%') followed by two hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', 'A'-'F', and 'a'-'f')
other	The Unicode characters that are not in the US-ASCII character set, are not control characters (according to the Character.isISOControl method), and are not space characters (according to the Character.isSpaceChar method) (Deviation from RFC 2396, which is limited to US-ASCII)

The set of all legal URI characters consists of the unreserved, reserved, escaped, and other characters.

Escaped octets, quotation, encoding, and decoding

RFC 2396 allows escaped octets to appear in the user-info, path, query, and fragment components. Escaping serves two purposes in URIs:

• To encode non-US-ASCII characters when a URI is required to conform strictly to RFC 2396 by not containing any other characters.

• To quote characters that are otherwise illegal in a component. The user-info, path, query, and fragment components differ slightly in terms of which characters are considered legal and illegal.

These purposes are served in this class by three related operations:

• A character is encoded by replacing it with the sequence of escaped octets that represent that character in the UTF-8 character set. The Euro currency symbol ('\u20AC'), for example, is encoded as "%E2%82%AC". (Deviation from RFC 2396, which does not specify any particular character set.)

• An illegal character is quoted simply by encoding it. The space character, for example, is quoted by replacing it with "%20". UTF-8 contains US-ASCII, hence for US-ASCII characters this transformation has exactly the effect required by RFC 2396.

• A sequence of escaped octets is decoded by replacing it with the sequence of characters that it represents in the UTF-8 character set. UTF-8 contains US-ASCII, hence decoding has the effect of de-quoting any quoted US-ASCII characters as well as that of decoding any encoded non-US-ASCII characters. If a decoding error occurs when decoding the escaped octets then the erroneous octets are replaced by '\uFFFD', the Unicode replacement character.

These operations are exposed in the constructors and methods of this class as follows:

• The single-argument constructor requires any illegal characters in its argument to be quoted and preserves any escaped octets and other characters that are present.

• The multi-argument constructors quote illegal characters as required by the components in which they appear. The percent character ('%') is always quoted by these constructors. Any other characters are preserved.

• The getRawUserInfo, getRawPath, getRawQuery, getRawFragment, getRawAuthority, and getRawSchemeSpecificPart methods return the values of their corresponding components in raw form, without interpreting any escaped octets. The strings returned by these methods may contain both escaped octets and other characters, and will not contain any illegal characters.

• The getUserInfo, getPath, getQuery, getFragment, getAuthority, and getSchemeSpecificPart methods decode any escaped octets in their corresponding components. The strings returned by these methods may contain both other characters and illegal characters, and will not contain any escaped octets.

• The toString method returns a URI string with all necessary quotation but which may contain other characters.

• The toASCIIString method returns a fully quoted and encoded URI string that does not contain any other characters.

Identities

For any URI u, it is always the case that

new URI(u.toString()).equals(u) .

For any URI u that does not contain redundant syntax such as two slashes before an empty authority (as in file:///tmp/ ) or a colon following a host name but no port (as in http://java.sun.com: ), and that does not encode characters except those that must be quoted, the following identities also hold:

new URI(u.getScheme(),
u.getSchemeSpecificPart(),
u.getFragment())
.equals(u)

in all cases,

new URI(u.getScheme(),
u.getUserInfo(), u.getAuthority(),
u.getPath(), u.getQuery(),
u.getFragment())
.equals(u)

if u is hierarchical, and

new URI(u.getScheme(),
u.getUserInfo(), u.getHost(), u.getPort(),
u.getPath(), u.getQuery(),
u.getFragment())
.equals(u)

if u is hierarchical and has either no authority or a server-based authority.

URIs, URLs, and URNs

A URI is a uniform resource identifier while a URL is a uniform resource locator. Hence every URL is a URI, abstractly speaking, but not every URI is a URL. This is because there is another subcategory of URIs, uniform resource names (URNs), which name resources but do not specify how to locate them. The mailto, news, and isbn URIs shown above are examples of URNs.

The conceptual distinction between URIs and URLs is reflected in the differences between this class and the URL class.

An instance of this class represents a URI reference in the syntactic sense defined by RFC 2396. A URI may be either absolute or relative. A URI string is parsed according to the generic syntax without regard to the scheme, if any, that it specifies. No lookup of the host, if any, is performed, and no scheme-dependent stream handler is constructed. Equality, hashing, and comparison are defined strictly in terms of the character content of the instance. In other words, a URI instance is little more than a structured string that supports the syntactic, scheme-independent operations of comparison, normalization, resolution, and relativization.

An instance of the URL class, by contrast, represents the syntactic components of a URL together with some of the information required to access the resource that it describes. A URL must be absolute, that is, it must always specify a scheme. A URL string is parsed according to its scheme. A stream handler is always established for a URL, and in fact it is impossible to create a URL instance for a scheme for which no handler is available. Equality and hashing depend upon both the scheme and the Internet address of the host, if any; comparison is not defined. In other words, a URL is a structured string that supports the syntactic operation of resolution as well as the network I/O operations of looking up the host and opening a connection to the specified resource.

Since:

1.4

Author:

Mark Reinhold

See Also:

RFC 2279: UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646,
RFC 2373: IPv6 Addressing Architecture,
RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax,
RFC 2732: Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs,
URISyntaxException, Serialized Form

Nested Class Summary

private class

URI.Parser

Field Summary

private String	authority
private String	decodedAuthority
private String	decodedFragment
private String	decodedPath
private String	decodedQuery
private String	decodedSchemeSpecificPart
private String	decodedUserInfo
private String	fragment
private static long	H_ALPHA
private static long	H_ALPHANUM
private static long	H_DASH
private static long	H_DIGIT
private static long	H_DOT
private static long	H_ESCAPED
private static long	H_HEX
private static long	H_LOWALPHA
private static long	H_MARK
private static long	H_PATH
private static long	H_PCHAR
private static long	H_REG_NAME
private static long	H_RESERVED
private static long	H_SCHEME
private static long	H_SERVER
private static long	H_UNRESERVED
private static long	H_UPALPHA
private static long	H_URIC
private static long	H_URIC_NO_SLASH
private static long	H_USERINFO
private int	hash
private static char[]	hexDigits
private String	host
private static long	L_ALPHA
private static long	L_ALPHANUM
private static long	L_DASH
private static long	L_DIGIT
private static long	L_DOT
private static long	L_ESCAPED
private static long	L_HEX
private static long	L_LOWALPHA
private static long	L_MARK
private static long	L_PATH
private static long	L_PCHAR
private static long	L_REG_NAME
private static long	L_RESERVED
private static long	L_SCHEME
private static long	L_SERVER
private static long	L_UNRESERVED
private static long	L_UPALPHA
private static long	L_URIC
private static long	L_URIC_NO_SLASH
private static long	L_USERINFO
private String	path
private int	port
private String	query
private String	scheme
private String	schemeSpecificPart
(package private) static long	serialVersionUID
private String	string The string form of this URI.
private String	userInfo

Constructor Summary

private	URI()
	URI(String str) Constructs a URI by parsing the given string.
	URI(String scheme, String ssp, String fragment) Constructs a URI from the given components.
	URI(String scheme, String userInfo, String host, int port, String path, String query, String fragment) Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.
	URI(String scheme, String host, String path, String fragment) Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.
	URI(String scheme, String authority, String path, String query, String fragment) Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.

Method Summary

private void	appendAuthority(StringBuffer sb, String authority, String userInfo, String host, int port)
private static void	appendEncoded(StringBuffer sb, char c)
private static void	appendEscape(StringBuffer sb, byte b)
private void	appendFragment(StringBuffer sb, String fragment)
private void	appendSchemeSpecificPart(StringBuffer sb, String opaquePart, String authority, String userInfo, String host, int port, String path, String query)
private static void	checkPath(String s, String scheme, String path)
private static int	compare(String s, String t)
private static int	compareIgnoringCase(String s, String t)
int	compareTo(Object ob) Compares this URI to another object, which must be a URI.
static URI	create(String str) Creates a URI by parsing the given string.
private static int	decode(char c)
private static byte	decode(char c1, char c2)
private static String	decode(String s)
private void	defineSchemeSpecificPart()
private void	defineString()
private static String	encode(String s)
private static boolean	equal(String s, String t)
private static boolean	equalIgnoringCase(String s, String t)
boolean	equals(Object ob) Tests this URI for equality with another object.
String	getAuthority() Returns the decoded authority component of this URI.
String	getFragment() Returns the decoded fragment component of this URI.
String	getHost() Returns the host component of this URI.
String	getPath() Returns the decoded path component of this URI.
int	getPort() Returns the port number of this URI.
String	getQuery() Returns the decoded query component of this URI.
String	getRawAuthority() Returns the raw authority component of this URI.
String	getRawFragment() Returns the raw fragment component of this URI.
String	getRawPath() Returns the raw path component of this URI.
String	getRawQuery() Returns the raw query component of this URI.
String	getRawSchemeSpecificPart() Returns the raw scheme-specific part of this URI.
String	getRawUserInfo() Returns the raw user-information component of this URI.
String	getScheme() Returns the scheme component of this URI.
String	getSchemeSpecificPart() Returns the decoded scheme-specific part of this URI.
String	getUserInfo() Returns the decoded user-information component of this URI.
private static int	hash(int hash, String s)
int	hashCode() Returns a hash-code value for this URI.
private static int	hashIgnoringCase(int hash, String s)
private static long	highMask(char first, char last)
private static long	highMask(String chars)
boolean	isAbsolute() Tells whether or not this URI is absolute.
boolean	isOpaque() Tells whether or not this URI is opaque.
private static int	join(char[] path, int[] segs)
private static long	lowMask(char first, char last)
private static long	lowMask(String chars)
private static boolean	match(char c, long lowMask, long highMask)
private static void	maybeAddLeadingDot(char[] path, int[] segs)
private static int	needsNormalization(String path)
URI	normalize() Normalizes this URI's path.
private static String	normalize(String ps)
private static URI	normalize(URI u)
URI	parseServerAuthority() Attempts to parse this URI's authority component, if defined, into user-information, host, and port components.
private static String	quote(String s, long lowMask, long highMask)
private void	readObject(ObjectInputStream is) Reconstitutes a URI from the given serial stream.
URI	relativize(URI uri) Relativizes the given URI against this URI.
private static URI	relativize(URI base, URI child)
private static void	removeDots(char[] path, int[] segs)
URI	resolve(String str) Constructs a new URI by parsing the given string and then resolving it against this URI.
URI	resolve(URI uri) Resolves the given URI against this URI.
private static URI	resolve(URI base, URI child)
private static String	resolvePath(String base, String child, boolean absolute)
private static void	split(char[] path, int[] segs)
String	toASCIIString() Returns the content of this URI as a US-ASCII string.
private static int	toLower(char c)
String	toString() Returns the content of this URI as a string.
private String	toString(String scheme, String opaquePart, String authority, String userInfo, String host, int port, String path, String query, String fragment)
URL	toURL() Constructs a URL from this URI.
private void	writeObject(ObjectOutputStream os) Saves the content of this URI to the given serial stream.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

serialVersionUID

static final long serialVersionUID

See Also:

Constant Field Values

scheme

private transient String scheme

fragment

private transient String fragment

authority

private transient String authority

userInfo

private transient String userInfo

host

private transient String host

port

private transient int port

path

private transient String path

query

private transient String query

schemeSpecificPart

private transient volatile String schemeSpecificPart

hash

private transient volatile int hash

decodedUserInfo

private transient volatile String decodedUserInfo

decodedAuthority

private transient volatile String decodedAuthority

decodedPath

private transient volatile String decodedPath

decodedQuery

private transient volatile String decodedQuery

decodedFragment

private transient volatile String decodedFragment

decodedSchemeSpecificPart

private transient volatile String decodedSchemeSpecificPart

string

private volatile String string

The string form of this URI.

L_DIGIT

private static final long L_DIGIT

H_DIGIT

private static final long H_DIGIT

See Also:

Constant Field Values

L_UPALPHA

private static final long L_UPALPHA

See Also:

Constant Field Values

H_UPALPHA

private static final long H_UPALPHA

L_LOWALPHA

private static final long L_LOWALPHA

See Also:

Constant Field Values

H_LOWALPHA

private static final long H_LOWALPHA

L_ALPHA

private static final long L_ALPHA

See Also:

Constant Field Values

H_ALPHA

private static final long H_ALPHA

L_ALPHANUM

private static final long L_ALPHANUM

H_ALPHANUM

private static final long H_ALPHANUM

L_HEX

private static final long L_HEX

H_HEX

private static final long H_HEX

L_MARK

private static final long L_MARK

H_MARK

private static final long H_MARK

L_UNRESERVED

private static final long L_UNRESERVED

H_UNRESERVED

private static final long H_UNRESERVED

L_RESERVED

private static final long L_RESERVED

H_RESERVED

private static final long H_RESERVED

L_ESCAPED

private static final long L_ESCAPED

See Also:

Constant Field Values

H_ESCAPED

private static final long H_ESCAPED

See Also:

Constant Field Values

L_URIC

private static final long L_URIC

H_URIC

private static final long H_URIC

L_PCHAR

private static final long L_PCHAR

H_PCHAR

private static final long H_PCHAR

L_PATH

private static final long L_PATH

H_PATH

private static final long H_PATH

L_DASH

private static final long L_DASH

H_DASH

private static final long H_DASH

L_DOT

private static final long L_DOT

H_DOT

private static final long H_DOT

L_USERINFO

private static final long L_USERINFO

H_USERINFO

private static final long H_USERINFO

L_REG_NAME

private static final long L_REG_NAME

H_REG_NAME

private static final long H_REG_NAME

L_SERVER

private static final long L_SERVER

H_SERVER

private static final long H_SERVER

L_SCHEME

private static final long L_SCHEME

H_SCHEME

private static final long H_SCHEME

L_URIC_NO_SLASH

private static final long L_URIC_NO_SLASH

H_URIC_NO_SLASH

private static final long H_URIC_NO_SLASH

hexDigits

private static final char[] hexDigits

Constructor Detail

URI

private URI()

URI

public URI(String str)
    throws URISyntaxException

Constructs a URI by parsing the given string.

This constructor parses the given string exactly as specified by the grammar in RFC 2396, Appendix A, except for the following deviations:

• An empty authority component is permitted as long as it is followed by a non-empty path, a query component, or a fragment component. This allows the parsing of URIs such as "file:///foo/bar", which seems to be the intent of RFC 2396 although the grammar does not permit it. If the authority component is empty then the user-information, host, and port components are undefined.

• Empty relative paths are permitted; this seems to be the intent of RFC 2396 although the grammar does not permit it. The primary consequence of this deviation is that a standalone fragment such as "#foo" parses as a relative URI with an empty path and the given fragment, and can be usefully resolved against a base URI.

• IPv4 addresses in host components are parsed rigorously, as specified by RFC 2732: Each element of a dotted-quad address must contain no more than three decimal digits. Each element is further constrained to have a value no greater than 255.

• Hostnames in host components that comprise only a single domain label are permitted to start with an alphanum character. This seems to be the intent of RFC 2396 section 3.2.2 although the grammar does not permit it. The consequence of this deviation is that the authority component of a hierarchical URI such as s://123, will parse as a server-based authority.

• IPv6 addresses are permitted for the host component. An IPv6 address must be enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']') as specified by RFC 2732. The IPv6 address itself must parse according to RFC 2373. IPv6 addresses are further constrained to describe no more than sixteen bytes of address information, a constraint implicit in RFC 2373 but not expressible in the grammar.

• Characters in the other category are permitted wherever RFC 2396 permits escaped octets, that is, in the user-information, path, query, and fragment components, as well as in the authority component if the authority is registry-based. This allows URIs to contain Unicode characters beyond those in the US-ASCII character set.

Parameters:

str - The string to be parsed into a URI

Throws:

NullPointerException - If str is null

URISyntaxException - If the given string violates RFC 2396, as augmented by the above deviations

URI

public URI(String scheme,
           String userInfo,
           String host,
           int port,
           String path,
           String query,
           String fragment)
    throws URISyntaxException

Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.

If a scheme is given then the path, if also given, must either be empty or begin with a slash character ('/'). Otherwise a component of the new URI may be left undefined by passing null for the corresponding parameter or, in the case of the port parameter, by passing -1.

This constructor first builds a URI string from the given components according to the rules specified in RFC 2396, section 5.2, step 7:

1. Initially, the result string is empty.

2. If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result, followed by a colon character (':').

3. If user information, a host, or a port are given then the string "//" is appended.

4. If user information is given then it is appended, followed by a commercial-at character ('@'). Any character not in the unreserved, punct, escaped, or other categories is quoted.

5. If a host is given then it is appended. If the host is a literal IPv6 address but is not enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']') then the square brackets are added.

6. If a port number is given then a colon character (':') is appended, followed by the port number in decimal.

7. If a path is given then it is appended. Any character not in the unreserved, punct, escaped, or other categories, and not equal to the slash character ('/') or the commercial-at character ('@'), is quoted.

8. If a query is given then a question-mark character ('?') is appended, followed by the query. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

9. Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character ('#') is appended, followed by the fragment. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

The resulting URI string is then parsed as if by invoking the URI(String) constructor and then invoking the parseServerAuthority() method upon the result; this may cause a URISyntaxException to be thrown.

Parameters:

scheme - Scheme name

userInfo - User name and authorization information

host - Host name

port - Port number

path - Path

query - Query

fragment - Fragment

Throws:

URISyntaxException - If both a scheme and a path are given but the path is relative, if the URI string constructed from the given components violates RFC 2396, or if the authority component of the string is present but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority

URI

public URI(String scheme,
           String authority,
           String path,
           String query,
           String fragment)
    throws URISyntaxException

Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.

If a scheme is given then the path, if also given, must either be empty or begin with a slash character ('/'). Otherwise a component of the new URI may be left undefined by passing null for the corresponding parameter.

This constructor first builds a URI string from the given components according to the rules specified in RFC 2396, section 5.2, step 7:

1. Initially, the result string is empty.

2. If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result, followed by a colon character (':').

3. If an authority is given then the string "//" is appended, followed by the authority. If the authority contains a literal IPv6 address then the address must be enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']'). Any character not in the unreserved, punct, escaped, or other categories, and not equal to the commercial-at character ('@'), is quoted.

4. If a path is given then it is appended. Any character not in the unreserved, punct, escaped, or other categories, and not equal to the slash character ('/') or the commercial-at character ('@'), is quoted.

5. If a query is given then a question-mark character ('?') is appended, followed by the query. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

6. Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character ('#') is appended, followed by the fragment. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

The resulting URI string is then parsed as if by invoking the URI(String) constructor and then invoking the parseServerAuthority() method upon the result; this may cause a URISyntaxException to be thrown.

Parameters:

scheme - Scheme name

authority - Authority

path - Path

query - Query

fragment - Fragment

Throws:

URISyntaxException - If both a scheme and a path are given but the path is relative, if the URI string constructed from the given components violates RFC 2396, or if the authority component of the string is present but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority

URI

public URI(String scheme,
           String host,
           String path,
           String fragment)
    throws URISyntaxException

Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.

A component may be left undefined by passing null.

This convenience constructor works as if by invoking the seven-argument constructor as follows:

new URI(scheme, null, host, -1, path, null, fragment);

Parameters:

scheme - Scheme name

host - Host name

path - Path

fragment - Fragment

Throws:

URISyntaxException - If the URI string constructed from the given components violates RFC 2396

URI

public URI(String scheme,
           String ssp,
           String fragment)
    throws URISyntaxException

Constructs a URI from the given components.

A component may be left undefined by passing null.

This constructor first builds a URI in string form using the given components as follows:

1. Initially, the result string is empty.

2. If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result, followed by a colon character (':').

3. If a scheme-specific part is given then it is appended. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

4. Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character ('#') is appended to the string, followed by the fragment. Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.

The resulting URI string is then parsed in order to create the new URI instance as if by invoking the URI(String) constructor; this may cause a URISyntaxException to be thrown.

Parameters:

scheme - Scheme name

ssp - Scheme-specific part

fragment - Fragment

Throws:

URISyntaxException - If the URI string constructed from the given components violates RFC 2396

Method Detail

create

public static URI create(String str)

Creates a URI by parsing the given string.

This convenience factory method works as if by invoking the URI(String) constructor; any URISyntaxException thrown by the constructor is caught and wrapped in a new IllegalArgumentException object, which is then thrown.

This method is provided for use in situations where it is known that the given string is a legal URI, for example for URI constants declared within in a program, and so it would be considered a programming error for the string not to parse as such. The constructors, which throw URISyntaxException directly, should be used situations where a URI is being constructed from user input or from some other source that may be prone to errors.

Parameters:

str - The string to be parsed into a URI

Returns:

The new URI

Throws:

NullPointerException - If str is null

IllegalArgumentException - If the given string violates RFC 2396

parseServerAuthority

public URI parseServerAuthority()
                         throws URISyntaxException

Attempts to parse this URI's authority component, if defined, into user-information, host, and port components.

If this URI's authority component has already been recognized as being server-based then it will already have been parsed into user-information, host, and port components. In this case, or if this URI has no authority component, this method simply returns this URI.

Otherwise this method attempts once more to parse the authority component into user-information, host, and port components, and throws an exception describing why the authority component could not be parsed in that way.

This method is provided because the generic URI syntax specified in RFC 2396 cannot always distinguish a malformed server-based authority from a legitimate registry-based authority. It must therefore treat some instances of the former as instances of the latter. The authority component in the URI string "//foo:bar", for example, is not a legal server-based authority but it is legal as a registry-based authority.

In many common situations, for example when working URIs that are known to be either URNs or URLs, the hierarchical URIs being used will always be server-based. They therefore must either be parsed as such or treated as an error. In these cases a statement such as

URI u = new URI(str).parseServerAuthority();

can be used to ensure that u always refers to a URI that, if it has an authority component, has a server-based authority with proper user-information, host, and port components. Invoking this method also ensures that if the authority could not be parsed in that way then an appropriate diagnostic message can be issued based upon the exception that is thrown.

Returns:

A URI whose authority field has been parsed as a server-based authority

Throws:

URISyntaxException - If the authority component of this URI is defined but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority according to RFC 2396

normalize

public URI normalize()

Normalizes this URI's path.

If this URI is opaque, or if its path is already in normal form, then this URI is returned. Otherwise a new URI is constructed that is identical to this URI except that its path is computed by normalizing this URI's path in a manner consistent with RFC 2396, section 5.2, step 6, sub-steps c through f; that is:

1. All "." segments are removed.

2. If a ".." segment is preceded by a non-".." segment then both of these segments are removed. This step is repeated until it is no longer applicable.

3. If the path is relative, and if its first segment contains a colon character (':'), then a "." segment is prepended. This prevents a relative URI with a path such as "a:b/c/d" from later being re-parsed as an opaque URI with a scheme of "a" and a scheme-specific part of "b/c/d". (Deviation from RFC 2396)

A normalized path will begin with one or more ".." segments if there were insufficient non-".." segments preceding them to allow their removal. A normalized path will begin with a "." segment if one was inserted by step 3 above. Otherwise, a normalized path will not contain any "." or ".." segments.

Returns:

A URI equivalent to this URI, but whose path is in normal form

resolve

public URI resolve(URI uri)

Resolves the given URI against this URI.

If the given URI is already absolute, or if this URI is opaque, then the given URI is returned.

If the given URI's fragment component is defined, its path component is empty, and its scheme, authority, and query components are undefined, then a URI with the given fragment but with all other components equal to those of this URI is returned. This allows a URI representing a standalone fragment reference, such as "#foo", to be usefully resolved against a base URI.

Otherwise this method constructs a new hierarchical URI in a manner consistent with RFC 2396, section 5.2; that is:

1. A new URI is constructed with this URI's scheme and the given URI's query and fragment components.

2. If the given URI has an authority component then the new URI's authority and path are taken from the given URI.

3. Otherwise the new URI's authority component is copied from this URI, and its path is computed as follows:

1. If the given URI's path is absolute then the new URI's path is taken from the given URI.

2. Otherwise the given URI's path is relative, and so the new URI's path is computed by resolving the path of the given URI against the path of this URI. This is done by concatenating all but the last segment of this URI's path, if any, with the given URI's path and then normalizing the result as if by invoking the normalize method.

The result of this method is absolute if, and only if, either this URI is absolute or the given URI is absolute.

Parameters:

uri - The URI to be resolved against this URI

Returns:

The resulting URI

Throws:

NullPointerException - If uri is null

resolve

public URI resolve(String str)

Constructs a new URI by parsing the given string and then resolving it against this URI.

This convenience method works as if invoking it were equivalent to evaluating the expression resolve(URI.create(str)).

Parameters:

str - The string to be parsed into a URI

Returns:

The resulting URI

Throws:

NullPointerException - If str is null

IllegalArgumentException - If the given string violates RFC 2396

relativize

public URI relativize(URI uri)

Relativizes the given URI against this URI.

The relativization of the given URI against this URI is computed as follows:

1. If either this URI or the given URI are opaque, or if the scheme and authority components of the two URIs are not identical, or if the path of this URI is not a prefix of the path of the given URI, then the given URI is returned.

2. Otherwise a new relative hierarchical URI is constructed with query and fragment components taken from the given URI and with a path component computed by removing this URI's path from the beginning of the given URI's path.

Parameters:

uri - The URI to be relativized against this URI

Returns:

The resulting URI

Throws:

NullPointerException - If uri is null

toURL

public URL toURL()
          throws MalformedURLException

Constructs a URL from this URI.

This convenience method works as if invoking it were equivalent to evaluating the expression new URL(this.toString()) after first checking that this URI is absolute.

Returns:

A URL constructed from this URI

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - If this URL is not absolute

MalformedURLException - If a protocol handler for the URL could not be found, or if some other error occurred while constructing the URL

getScheme

public String getScheme()

Returns the scheme component of this URI.

The scheme component of a URI, if defined, only contains characters in the alphanum category and in the string "-.+". A scheme always starts with an alpha character.

The scheme component of a URI cannot contain escaped octets, hence this method does not perform any decoding.

Returns:

The scheme component of this URI, or null if the scheme is undefined

isAbsolute

public boolean isAbsolute()

Tells whether or not this URI is absolute.

A URI is absolute if, and only if, it has a scheme component.

Returns:

true if, and only if, this URI is absolute

isOpaque

public boolean isOpaque()

Tells whether or not this URI is opaque.

A URI is opaque if, and only if, it is absolute and its scheme-specific part does not begin with a slash character ('/'). An opaque URI has a scheme, a scheme-specific part, and possibly a fragment; all other components are undefined.

Returns:

true if, and only if, this URI is opaque

getRawSchemeSpecificPart

public String getRawSchemeSpecificPart()

Returns the raw scheme-specific part of this URI. The scheme-specific part is never undefined, though it may be empty.

The scheme-specific part of a URI only contains legal URI characters.

Returns:

The raw scheme-specific part of this URI (never null)

getSchemeSpecificPart

public String getSchemeSpecificPart()

Returns the decoded scheme-specific part of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawSchemeSpecificPart method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded scheme-specific part of this URI (never null)

getRawAuthority

public String getRawAuthority()

Returns the raw authority component of this URI.

The authority component of a URI, if defined, only contains the commercial-at character ('@') and characters in the unreserved, punct, escaped, and other categories. If the authority is server-based then it is further constrained to have valid user-information, host, and port components.

Returns:

The raw authority component of this URI, or null if the authority is undefined

getAuthority

public String getAuthority()

Returns the decoded authority component of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawAuthority method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded authority component of this URI, or null if the authority is undefined

getRawUserInfo

public String getRawUserInfo()

Returns the raw user-information component of this URI.

The user-information component of a URI, if defined, only contains characters in the unreserved, punct, escaped, and other categories.

Returns:

The raw user-information component of this URI, or null if the user information is undefined

getUserInfo

public String getUserInfo()

Returns the decoded user-information component of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawUserInfo method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded user-information component of this URI, or null if the user information is undefined

getHost

public String getHost()

Returns the host component of this URI.

The host component of a URI, if defined, will have one of the following forms:

• A domain name consisting of one or more labels separated by period characters ('.'), optionally followed by a period character. Each label consists of alphanum characters as well as hyphen characters ('-'), though hyphens never occur as the first or last characters in a label. The rightmost label of a domain name consisting of two or more labels, begins with an alpha character.

• A dotted-quad IPv4 address of the form digit+.digit+.digit+.digit+, where no digit sequence is longer than three characters and no sequence has a value larger than 255.

• An IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']') and consisting of hexadecimal digits, colon characters (':'), and possibly an embedded IPv4 address. The full syntax of IPv6 addresses is specified in RFC 2373: IPv6 Addressing Architecture.

The host component of a URI cannot contain escaped octets, hence this method does not perform any decoding.

Returns:

The host component of this URI, or null if the host is undefined

getPort

public int getPort()

Returns the port number of this URI.

The port component of a URI, if defined, is a non-negative integer.

Returns:

The port component of this URI, or -1 if the port is undefined

getRawPath

public String getRawPath()

Returns the raw path component of this URI.

The path component of a URI, if defined, only contains the slash character ('/'), the commercial-at character ('@'), and characters in the unreserved, punct, escaped, and other categories.

Returns:

The path component of this URI, or null if the path is undefined

getPath

public String getPath()

Returns the decoded path component of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawPath method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded path component of this URI, or null if the path is undefined

getRawQuery

public String getRawQuery()

Returns the raw query component of this URI.

The query component of a URI, if defined, only contains legal URI characters.

Returns:

The raw query component of this URI, or null if the query is undefined

getQuery

public String getQuery()

Returns the decoded query component of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawQuery method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded query component of this URI, or null if the query is undefined

getRawFragment

public String getRawFragment()

Returns the raw fragment component of this URI.

The fragment component of a URI, if defined, only contains legal URI characters.

Returns:

The raw fragment component of this URI, or null if the fragment is undefined

getFragment

public String getFragment()

Returns the decoded fragment component of this URI.

The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the getRawFragment method except that all sequences of escaped octets are decoded.

Returns:

The decoded fragment component of this URI, or null if the fragment is undefined

equals

public boolean equals(Object ob)

Tests this URI for equality with another object.

If the given object is not a URI then this method immediately returns false.

For two URIs to be considered equal requires that either both are opaque or both are hierarchical. Their schemes must either both be undefined or else be equal without regard to case. Their fragments must either both be undefined or else be equal.

For two opaque URIs to be considered equal, their scheme-specific parts must be equal.

For two hierarchical URIs to be considered equal, their paths must be equal and their queries must either both be undefined or else be equal. Their authorities must either both be undefined, or both be registry-based, or both be server-based. If their authorities are defined and are registry-based, then they must be equal. If their authorities are defined and are server-based, then their hosts must be equal without regard to case, their port numbers must be equal, and their user-information components must be equal.

When testing the user-information, path, query, fragment, authority, or scheme-specific parts of two URIs for equality, the raw forms rather than the encoded forms of these components are compared and the hexadecimal digits of escaped octets are compared without regard to case.

This method satisfies the general contract of the Object.equals method.

Overrides:

equals in class Object

Parameters:

ob - The object to which this object is to be compared

Returns:

true if, and only if, the given object is a URI that is identical to this URI

See Also:

Object.hashCode(), Hashtable

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Returns a hash-code value for this URI. The hash code is based upon all of the URI's components, and satisfies the general contract of the Object.hashCode method.

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

Returns:

A hash-code value for this URI

See Also:

Object.equals(java.lang.Object), Hashtable

compareTo

public int compareTo(Object ob)

Compares this URI to another object, which must be a URI.

When comparing corresponding components of two URIs, if one component is undefined but the other is defined then the first is considered to be less than the second. Unless otherwise noted, string components are ordered according to their natural, case-sensitive ordering as defined by the String.compareTo method. String components that are subject to encoding are compared by comparing their raw forms rather than their encoded forms.

The ordering of URIs is defined as follows:

• Two URIs with different schemes are ordered according the ordering of their schemes, without regard to case.

• A hierarchical URI is considered to be less than an opaque URI with an identical scheme.

• Two opaque URIs with identical schemes are ordered according to the ordering of their scheme-specific parts.

• Two opaque URIs with identical schemes and scheme-specific parts are ordered according to the ordering of their fragments.

• Two hierarchical URIs with identical schemes are ordered according to the ordering of their authority components:

• If both authority components are server-based then the URIs are ordered according to their user-information components; if these components are identical then the URIs are ordered according to the ordering of their hosts, without regard to case; if the hosts are identical then the URIs are ordered according to the ordering of their ports.

• If one or both authority components are registry-based then the URIs are ordered according to the ordering of their authority components.

• Finally, two hierarchical URIs with identical schemes and authority components are ordered according to the ordering of their paths; if their paths are identical then they are ordered according to the ordering of their queries; if the queries are identical then they are ordered according to the order of their fragments.

This method satisfies the general contract of the Comparable.compareTo method.

Specified by:

compareTo in interface Comparable

Parameters:

ob - The object to which this URI is to be compared

Returns:

A negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this URI is less than, equal to, or greater than the given URI

Throws:

ClassCastException - If the given object is not a URI

toString

public String toString()

Returns the content of this URI as a string.

If this URI was created by invoking one of the constructors in this class then a string equivalent to the original input string, or to the string computed from the originally-given components, as appropriate, is returned. Otherwise this URI was created by normalization, resolution, or relativization, and so a string is constructed from this URI's components according to the rules specified in RFC 2396, section 5.2, step 7.

Overrides:

toString in class Object

Returns:

The string form of this URI

toASCIIString

public String toASCIIString()

Returns the content of this URI as a US-ASCII string.

If this URI does not contain any characters in the other category then an invocation of this method will return the same value as an invocation of the toString method. Otherwise this method works as if by invoking that method and then encoding the result.

Returns:

The string form of this URI, encoded as needed so that it only contains characters in the US-ASCII charset

writeObject

private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream os)
                  throws IOException

Saves the content of this URI to the given serial stream.

The only serializable field of a URI instance is its string field. That field is given a value, if it does not have one already, and then the ObjectOutputStream.defaultWriteObject() method of the given object-output stream is invoked.

Parameters:

os - The object-output stream to which this object is to be written

Throws:

IOException

readObject

private void readObject(ObjectInputStream is)
                 throws ClassNotFoundException,
                        IOException

Reconstitutes a URI from the given serial stream.

The ObjectInputStream.defaultReadObject() method is invoked to read the value of the string field. The result is then parsed in the usual way.

Parameters:

is - The object-input stream from which this object is being read

Throws:

ClassNotFoundException

IOException

toLower

private static int toLower(char c)

equal

private static boolean equal(String s,
                             String t)

equalIgnoringCase

private static boolean equalIgnoringCase(String s,
                                         String t)

hash

private static int hash(int hash,
                        String s)

hashIgnoringCase

private static int hashIgnoringCase(int hash,
                                    String s)

compare

private static int compare(String s,
                           String t)

compareIgnoringCase

private static int compareIgnoringCase(String s,
                                       String t)

checkPath

private static void checkPath(String s,
                              String scheme,
                              String path)
                       throws URISyntaxException

Throws:

URISyntaxException

appendAuthority

private void appendAuthority(StringBuffer sb,
                             String authority,
                             String userInfo,
                             String host,
                             int port)

appendSchemeSpecificPart

private void appendSchemeSpecificPart(StringBuffer sb,
                                      String opaquePart,
                                      String authority,
                                      String userInfo,
                                      String host,
                                      int port,
                                      String path,
                                      String query)

appendFragment

private void appendFragment(StringBuffer sb,
                            String fragment)

toString

private String toString(String scheme,
                        String opaquePart,
                        String authority,
                        String userInfo,
                        String host,
                        int port,
                        String path,
                        String query,
                        String fragment)

defineSchemeSpecificPart

private void defineSchemeSpecificPart()

defineString

private void defineString()

resolvePath

private static String resolvePath(String base,
                                  String child,
                                  boolean absolute)

resolve

private static URI resolve(URI base,
                           URI child)

normalize

private static URI normalize(URI u)

relativize

private static URI relativize(URI base,
                              URI child)

needsNormalization

private static int needsNormalization(String path)

split

private static void split(char[] path,
                          int[] segs)

join

private static int join(char[] path,
                        int[] segs)

removeDots

private static void removeDots(char[] path,
                               int[] segs)

maybeAddLeadingDot

private static void maybeAddLeadingDot(char[] path,
                                       int[] segs)

normalize

private static String normalize(String ps)

lowMask

private static long lowMask(String chars)

highMask

private static long highMask(String chars)

lowMask

private static long lowMask(char first,
                            char last)

highMask

private static long highMask(char first,
                             char last)

match

private static boolean match(char c,
                             long lowMask,
                             long highMask)

appendEscape

private static void appendEscape(StringBuffer sb,
                                 byte b)

appendEncoded

private static void appendEncoded(StringBuffer sb,
                                  char c)

quote

private static String quote(String s,
                            long lowMask,
                            long highMask)

encode

private static String encode(String s)

decode

private static int decode(char c)

decode

private static byte decode(char c1,
                           char c2)

decode

private static String decode(String s)