java.util
Class Collections

java.lang.Object
  java.util.Collections

public class Collections

extends Object

This class consists exclusively of static methods that operate on or return collections. It contains polymorphic algorithms that operate on collections, "wrappers", which return a new collection backed by a specified collection, and a few other odds and ends.

The methods of this class all throw a NullPointerException if the collections provided to them are null.

The documentation for the polymorphic algorithms contained in this class generally includes a brief description of the implementation. Such descriptions should be regarded as implementation notes, rather than parts of the specification. Implementors should feel free to substitute other algorithms, so long as the specification itself is adhered to. (For example, the algorithm used by sort does not have to be a mergesort, but it does have to be stable.)

The "destructive" algorithms contained in this class, that is, the algorithms that modify the collection on which they operate, are specified to throw UnsupportedOperationException if the collection does not support the appropriate mutation primitive(s), such as the set method. These algorithms may, but are not required to, throw this exception if an invocation would have no effect on the collection. For example, invoking the sort method on an unmodifiable list that is already sorted may or may not throw UnsupportedOperationException.

This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Since:

1.2

Author:

Josh Bloch

See Also:

Collections.UnmodifiableCollection, Set, List, Map

Nested Class Summary

private static class	Collections.CopiesList
private static class	Collections.EmptyList
private static class	Collections.EmptyMap
private static class	Collections.EmptySet
private static class	Collections.ReverseComparator
private static class	Collections.SingletonList
private static class	Collections.SingletonMap
private static class	Collections.SingletonSet
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedCollection
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedList
private static class	Collections.SynchronizedMap
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedRandomAccessList
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedSet
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedSortedMap
(package private) static class	Collections.SynchronizedSortedSet
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableCollection
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableList
private static class	Collections.UnmodifiableMap
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableRandomAccessList
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableSet
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableSortedMap
(package private) static class	Collections.UnmodifiableSortedSet

Field Summary

private static int	BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD
private static int	COPY_THRESHOLD
static List	EMPTY_LIST The empty list (immutable).
static Map	EMPTY_MAP The empty map (immutable).
static Set	EMPTY_SET The empty set (immutable).
private static int	FILL_THRESHOLD
private static int	INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD
private static Random	r
private static int	REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD
private static Comparator	REVERSE_ORDER
private static int	REVERSE_THRESHOLD
private static int	ROTATE_THRESHOLD
private static int	SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD

Constructor Summary

private

Collections()

Method Summary

static int	binarySearch(List list, Object key) Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary search algorithm.
static int	binarySearch(List list, Object key, Comparator c) Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary search algorithm.
static void	copy(List dest, List src) Copies all of the elements from one list into another.
static Enumeration	enumeration(Collection c) Returns an enumeration over the specified collection.
private static boolean	eq(Object o1, Object o2) Returns true if the specified arguments are equal, or both null.
static void	fill(List list, Object obj) Replaces all of the elements of the specified list with the specified element.
private static Object	get(ListIterator i, int index) Gets the ith element from the given list by repositioning the specified list listIterator.
private static int	indexedBinarySearch(List list, Object key)
private static int	indexedBinarySearch(List l, Object key, Comparator c)
static int	indexOfSubList(List source, List target) Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence.
private static int	iteratorBinarySearch(List list, Object key)
private static int	iteratorBinarySearch(List l, Object key, Comparator c)
static int	lastIndexOfSubList(List source, List target) Returns the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence.
static ArrayList	list(Enumeration e) Returns an array list containing the elements returned by the specified enumeration in the order they are returned by the enumeration.
static Object	max(Collection coll) Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements.
static Object	max(Collection coll, Comparator comp) Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the order induced by the specified comparator.
static Object	min(Collection coll) Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements.
static Object	min(Collection coll, Comparator comp) Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the order induced by the specified comparator.
static List	nCopies(int n, Object o) Returns an immutable list consisting of n copies of the specified object.
static boolean	replaceAll(List list, Object oldVal, Object newVal) Replaces all occurrences of one specified value in a list with another.
static void	reverse(List list) Reverses the order of the elements in the specified list.
static Comparator	reverseOrder() Returns a comparator that imposes the reverse of the natural ordering on a collection of objects that implement the Comparable interface.
static void	rotate(List list, int distance) Rotates the elements in the specified list by the specified distance.
private static void	rotate1(List list, int distance)
private static void	rotate2(List list, int distance)
static void	shuffle(List list) Randomly permutes the specified list using a default source of randomness.
static void	shuffle(List list, Random rnd) Randomly permute the specified list using the specified source of randomness.
static Set	singleton(Object o) Returns an immutable set containing only the specified object.
static List	singletonList(Object o) Returns an immutable list containing only the specified object.
static Map	singletonMap(Object key, Object value) Returns an immutable map, mapping only the specified key to the specified value.
static void	sort(List list) Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the natural ordering of its elements.
static void	sort(List list, Comparator c) Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the specified comparator.
static void	swap(List list, int i, int j) Swaps the elements at the specified positions in the specified list.
private static void	swap(Object[] arr, int i, int j) Swaps the two specified elements in the specified array.
static Collection	synchronizedCollection(Collection c) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) collection backed by the specified collection.
(package private) static Collection	synchronizedCollection(Collection c, Object mutex)
static List	synchronizedList(List list) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) list backed by the specified list.
(package private) static List	synchronizedList(List list, Object mutex)
static Map	synchronizedMap(Map m) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) map backed by the specified map.
static Set	synchronizedSet(Set s) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) set backed by the specified set.
(package private) static Set	synchronizedSet(Set s, Object mutex)
static SortedMap	synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap m) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted map backed by the specified sorted map.
static SortedSet	synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet s) Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted set backed by the specified sorted set.
static Collection	unmodifiableCollection(Collection c) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified collection.
static List	unmodifiableList(List list) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified list.
static Map	unmodifiableMap(Map m) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified map.
static Set	unmodifiableSet(Set s) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified set.
static SortedMap	unmodifiableSortedMap(SortedMap m) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted map.
static SortedSet	unmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet s) Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD

private static final int BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

REVERSE_THRESHOLD

private static final int REVERSE_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD

private static final int SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

FILL_THRESHOLD

private static final int FILL_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROTATE_THRESHOLD

private static final int ROTATE_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

COPY_THRESHOLD

private static final int COPY_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD

private static final int REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD

private static final int INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD

See Also:

Constant Field Values

r

private static Random r

EMPTY_SET

public static final Set EMPTY_SET

The empty set (immutable). This set is serializable.

EMPTY_LIST

public static final List EMPTY_LIST

The empty list (immutable). This list is serializable.

EMPTY_MAP

public static final Map EMPTY_MAP

The empty map (immutable). This map is serializable.

Since:

1.3

REVERSE_ORDER

private static final Comparator REVERSE_ORDER

Constructor Detail

Collections

private Collections()

Method Detail

sort

public static void sort(List list)

Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the natural ordering of its elements. All elements in the list must implement the Comparable interface. Furthermore, all elements in the list must be mutually comparable (that is, e1.compareTo(e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the list).

This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will not be reordered as a result of the sort.

The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.

The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the lowest element in the high sublist). This algorithm offers guaranteed n log(n) performance. This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element from the corresponding position in the array. This avoids the n² log(n) performance that would result from attempting to sort a linked list in place.

Parameters:

list - the list to be sorted.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the list contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers).

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list's list-iterator does not support the set operation.

See Also:

Comparable

sort

public static void sort(List list,
                        Comparator c)

Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the specified comparator. All elements in the list must be mutually comparable using the specified comparator (that is, c.compare(e1, e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the list).

This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will not be reordered as a result of the sort.

The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the lowest element in the high sublist). This algorithm offers guaranteed n log(n) performance. The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable. This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element from the corresponding position in the array. This avoids the n² log(n) performance that would result from attempting to sort a linked list in place.

Parameters:

list - the list to be sorted.

c - the comparator to determine the order of the list. A null value indicates that the elements' natural ordering should be used.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the list contains elements that are not mutually comparable using the specified comparator.

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list's list-iterator does not support the set operation.

See Also:

Comparator

binarySearch

public static int binarySearch(List list,
                               Object key)

Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary search algorithm. The list must be sorted into ascending order according to the natural ordering of its elements (as by the sort(List) method, above) prior to making this call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the list contains multiple elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one will be found.

This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which provides near-constant-time positional access). If the specified list does not implement the RandomAccess and is large, this method will do an iterator-based binary search that performs O(n) link traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.

Parameters:

list - the list to be searched.

key - the key to be searched for.

Returns:

index of the search key, if it is contained in the list; otherwise, (-(insertion point) - 1). The insertion point is defined as the point at which the key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first element greater than the key, or list.size(), if all elements in the list are less than the specified key. Note that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if and only if the key is found.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the list contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers), or the search key in not mutually comparable with the elements of the list.

See Also:

Comparable, sort(List)

indexedBinarySearch

private static int indexedBinarySearch(List list,
                                       Object key)

iteratorBinarySearch

private static int iteratorBinarySearch(List list,
                                        Object key)

get

private static Object get(ListIterator i,
                          int index)

Gets the ith element from the given list by repositioning the specified list listIterator.

binarySearch

public static int binarySearch(List list,
                               Object key,
                               Comparator c)

Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary search algorithm. The list must be sorted into ascending order according to the specified comparator (as by the Sort(List, Comparator) method, above), prior to making this call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the list contains multiple elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one will be found.

This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which provides near-constant-time positional access). If the specified list does not implement the RandomAccess and is large, this this method will do an iterator-based binary search that performs O(n) link traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.

Parameters:

list - the list to be searched.

key - the key to be searched for.

c - the comparator by which the list is ordered. A null value indicates that the elements' natural ordering should be used.

Returns:

index of the search key, if it is contained in the list; otherwise, (-(insertion point) - 1). The insertion point is defined as the point at which the key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first element greater than the key, or list.size(), if all elements in the list are less than the specified key. Note that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if and only if the key is found.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the list contains elements that are not mutually comparable using the specified comparator, or the search key in not mutually comparable with the elements of the list using this comparator.

See Also:

Comparable, sort(List, Comparator)

indexedBinarySearch

private static int indexedBinarySearch(List l,
                                       Object key,
                                       Comparator c)

iteratorBinarySearch

private static int iteratorBinarySearch(List l,
                                        Object key,
                                        Comparator c)

reverse

public static void reverse(List list)

Reverses the order of the elements in the specified list.

This method runs in linear time.

Parameters:

list - the list whose elements are to be reversed.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set method.

shuffle

public static void shuffle(List list)

Randomly permutes the specified list using a default source of randomness. All permutations occur with approximately equal likelihood.

The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description because default source of randomenss is only approximately an unbiased source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm would choose permutations with perfect uniformity.

This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last element up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element into the "current position". Elements are randomly selected from the portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current position, inclusive.

This method runs in linear time. If the specified list does not implement the RandomAccess interface and is large, this implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list. This avoids the quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential access" list in place.

Parameters:

list - the list to be shuffled.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set method.

shuffle

public static void shuffle(List list,
                           Random rnd)

Randomly permute the specified list using the specified source of randomness. All permutations occur with equal likelihood assuming that the source of randomness is fair.

This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last element up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element into the "current position". Elements are randomly selected from the portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current position, inclusive.

This method runs in linear time. If the specified list does not implement the RandomAccess interface and is large, this implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list. This avoids the quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential access" list in place.

Parameters:

list - the list to be shuffled.

rnd - the source of randomness to use to shuffle the list.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set operation.

swap

public static void swap(List list,
                        int i,
                        int j)

Swaps the elements at the specified positions in the specified list. (If the specified positions are equal, invoking this method leaves the list unchanged.)

Parameters:

list - The list in which to swap elements.

i - the index of one element to be swapped.

j - the index of the other element to be swapped.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if either i or j is out of range (i < 0 || i >= list.size() || j < 0 || j >= list.size()).

Since:

1.4

swap

private static void swap(Object[] arr,
                         int i,
                         int j)

Swaps the two specified elements in the specified array.

fill

public static void fill(List list,
                        Object obj)

Replaces all of the elements of the specified list with the specified element.

This method runs in linear time.

Parameters:

list - the list to be filled with the specified element.

obj - The element with which to fill the specified list.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set operation.

copy

public static void copy(List dest,
                        List src)

Copies all of the elements from one list into another. After the operation, the index of each copied element in the destination list will be identical to its index in the source list. The destination list must be at least as long as the source list. If it is longer, the remaining elements in the destination list are unaffected.

This method runs in linear time.

Parameters:

dest - The destination list.

src - The source list.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the destination list is too small to contain the entire source List.

UnsupportedOperationException - if the destination list's list-iterator does not support the set operation.

min

public static Object min(Collection coll)

Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements. All elements in the collection must implement the Comparable interface. Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be mutually comparable (that is, e1.compareTo(e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the collection).

This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires time proportional to the size of the collection.

Parameters:

coll - the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.

Returns:

the minimum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the collection contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers).

NoSuchElementException - if the collection is empty.

See Also:

Comparable

min

public static Object min(Collection coll,
                         Comparator comp)

Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the order induced by the specified comparator. All elements in the collection must be mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is, comp.compare(e1, e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the collection).

This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires time proportional to the size of the collection.

Parameters:

coll - the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.

comp - the comparator with which to determine the minimum element. A null value indicates that the elements' natural ordering should be used.

Returns:

the minimum element of the given collection, according to the specified comparator.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the collection contains elements that are not mutually comparable using the specified comparator.

NoSuchElementException - if the collection is empty.

See Also:

Comparable

max

public static Object max(Collection coll)

Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements. All elements in the collection must implement the Comparable interface. Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be mutually comparable (that is, e1.compareTo(e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the collection).

This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires time proportional to the size of the collection.

Parameters:

coll - the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.

Returns:

the maximum element of the given collection, according to the natural ordering of its elements.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the collection contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers).

NoSuchElementException - if the collection is empty.

See Also:

Comparable

max

public static Object max(Collection coll,
                         Comparator comp)

Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the order induced by the specified comparator. All elements in the collection must be mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is, comp.compare(e1, e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the collection).

This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires time proportional to the size of the collection.

Parameters:

coll - the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.

comp - the comparator with which to determine the maximum element. A null value indicates that the elements' natural ordering should be used.

Returns:

the maximum element of the given collection, according to the specified comparator.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the collection contains elements that are not mutually comparable using the specified comparator.

NoSuchElementException - if the collection is empty.

See Also:

Comparable

rotate

public static void rotate(List list,
                          int distance)

Rotates the elements in the specified list by the specified distance. After calling this method, the element at index i will be the element previously at index (i - distance) mod list.size(), for all values of i between 0 and list.size()-1, inclusive. (This method has no effect on the size of the list.)

For example, suppose list comprises [t, a, n, k, s]. After invoking Collections.rotate(list, 1) (or Collections.rotate(list, -4)), list will comprise [s, t, a, n, k].

Note that this method can usefully be applied to sublists to move one or more elements within a list while preserving the order of the remaining elements. For example, the following idiom moves the element at index j forward to position k (which must be greater than or equal to j):

     Collections.rotate(list.subList(j, k+1), -1);
 

To make this concrete, suppose list comprises [a, b, c, d, e]. To move the element at index 1 (b) forward two positions, perform the following invocation:

     Collections.rotate(l.subList(1, 4), -1);
 

The resulting list is [a, c, d, b, e].

To move more than one element forward, increase the absolute value of the rotation distance. To move elements backward, use a positive shift distance.

If the specified list is small or implements the RandomAccess interface, this implementation exchanges the first element into the location it should go, and then repeatedly exchanges the displaced element into the location it should go until a displaced element is swapped into the first element. If necessary, the process is repeated on the second and successive elements, until the rotation is complete. If the specified list is large and doesn't implement the RandomAccess interface, this implementation breaks the list into two sublist views around index -distance mod size. Then the reverse(List) method is invoked on each sublist view, and finally it is invoked on the entire list. For a more complete description of both algorithms, see Section 2.3 of Jon Bentley's Programming Pearls (Addison-Wesley, 1986).

Parameters:

list - the list to be rotated.

distance - the distance to rotate the list. There are no constraints on this value; it may be zero, negative, or greater than list.size().

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set method.

Since:

1.4

rotate1

private static void rotate1(List list,
                            int distance)

rotate2

private static void rotate2(List list,
                            int distance)

replaceAll

public static boolean replaceAll(List list,
                                 Object oldVal,
                                 Object newVal)

Replaces all occurrences of one specified value in a list with another. More formally, replaces with newVal each element e in list such that (oldVal==null ? e==null : oldVal.equals(e)). (This method has no effect on the size of the list.)

Parameters:

list - the list in which replacement is to occur.

oldVal - the old value to be replaced.

newVal - the new value with which oldVal is to be replaced.

Returns:

true if list contained one or more elements e such that (oldVal==null ? e==null : oldVal.equals(e)).

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - if the specified list or its list-iterator does not support the set method.

Since:

1.4

indexOfSubList

public static int indexOfSubList(List source,
                                 List target)

Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence. More formally, returns the the lowest index i such that source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target), or -1 if there is no such index. (Returns -1 if target.size() > source.size().)

This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of scanning over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each location in turn.

Parameters:

source - the list in which to search for the first occurrence of target.

target - the list to search for as a subList of source.

Returns:

the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence.

Since:

1.4

lastIndexOfSubList

public static int lastIndexOfSubList(List source,
                                     List target)

Returns the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence. More formally, returns the the highest index i such that source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target), or -1 if there is no such index. (Returns -1 if target.size() > source.size().)

This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of iterating over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each location in turn.

Parameters:

source - the list in which to search for the last occurrence of target.

target - the list to search for as a subList of source.

Returns:

the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such occurrence.

Since:

1.4

unmodifiableCollection

public static Collection unmodifiableCollection(Collection c)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified collection. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal collections. Query operations on the returned collection "read through" to the specified collection, and attempts to modify the returned collection, whether direct or via its iterator, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned collection does not pass the hashCode and equals operations through to the backing collection, but relies on Object's equals and hashCode methods. This is necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case that the backing collection is a set or a list.

The returned collection will be serializable if the specified collection is serializable.

Parameters:

c - the collection for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified collection.

unmodifiableSet

public static Set unmodifiableSet(Set s)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified set. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal sets. Query operations on the returned set "read through" to the specified set, and attempts to modify the returned set, whether direct or via its iterator, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned set will be serializable if the specified set is serializable.

Parameters:

s - the set for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified set.

unmodifiableSortedSet

public static SortedSet unmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet s)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal sorted sets. Query operations on the returned sorted set "read through" to the specified sorted set. Attempts to modify the returned sorted set, whether direct, via its iterator, or via its subSet, headSet, or tailSet views, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified sorted set is serializable.

Parameters:

s - the sorted set for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set.

unmodifiableList

public static List unmodifiableList(List list)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified list. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal lists. Query operations on the returned list "read through" to the specified list, and attempts to modify the returned list, whether direct or via its iterator, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned list will be serializable if the specified list is serializable. Similarly, the returned list will implement RandomAccess if the specified list does. the

Parameters:

list - the list for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified list.

unmodifiableMap

public static Map unmodifiableMap(Map m)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified map. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal maps. Query operations on the returned map "read through" to the specified map, and attempts to modify the returned map, whether direct or via its collection views, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is serializable.

Parameters:

m - the map for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified map.

unmodifiableSortedMap

public static SortedMap unmodifiableSortedMap(SortedMap m)

Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted map. This method allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal sorted maps. Query operations on the returned sorted map "read through" to the specified sorted map. Attempts to modify the returned sorted map, whether direct, via its collection views, or via its subMap, headMap, or tailMap views, result in an UnsupportedOperationException.

The returned sorted map will be serializable if the specified sorted map is serializable.

Parameters:

m - the sorted map for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.

Returns:

an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted map.

synchronizedCollection

public static Collection synchronizedCollection(Collection c)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) collection backed by the specified collection. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing collection is accomplished through the returned collection.

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned collection when iterating over it:

  Collection c = Collections.synchronizedCollection(myCollection);
     ...
  synchronized(c) {
      Iterator i = c.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
         foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned collection does not pass the hashCode and equals operations through to the backing collection, but relies on Object's equals and hashCode methods. This is necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case that the backing collection is a set or a list.

The returned collection will be serializable if the specified collection is serializable.

Parameters:

c - the collection to be "wrapped" in a synchronized collection.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified collection.

synchronizedCollection

static Collection synchronizedCollection(Collection c,
                                         Object mutex)

synchronizedSet

public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) set backed by the specified set. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing set is accomplished through the returned set.

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned set when iterating over it:

  Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet());
      ...
  synchronized(s) {
      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned set will be serializable if the specified set is serializable.

Parameters:

s - the set to be "wrapped" in a synchronized set.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified set.

synchronizedSet

static Set synchronizedSet(Set s,
                           Object mutex)

synchronizedSortedSet

public static SortedSet synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet s)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted set backed by the specified sorted set. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing sorted set is accomplished through the returned sorted set (or its views).

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned sorted set when iterating over it or any of its subSet, headSet, or tailSet views.

  SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new HashSortedSet());
      ...
  synchronized(s) {
      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

or:

  SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new HashSortedSet());
  SortedSet s2 = s.headSet(foo);
      ...
  synchronized(s) {  // Note: s, not s2!!!
      Iterator i = s2.iterator(); // Must be in the synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified sorted set is serializable.

Parameters:

s - the sorted set to be "wrapped" in a synchronized sorted set.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified sorted set.

synchronizedList

public static List synchronizedList(List list)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) list backed by the specified list. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing list is accomplished through the returned list.

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned list when iterating over it:

  List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList());
      ...
  synchronized(list) {
      Iterator i = list.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned list will be serializable if the specified list is serializable.

Parameters:

list - the list to be "wrapped" in a synchronized list.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified list.

synchronizedList

static List synchronizedList(List list,
                             Object mutex)

synchronizedMap

public static Map synchronizedMap(Map m)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) map backed by the specified map. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing map is accomplished through the returned map.

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned map when iterating over any of its collection views:

  Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap());
      ...
  Set s = m.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
      ...
  synchronized(m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not s!
      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned map will be serializable if the specified map is serializable.

Parameters:

m - the map to be "wrapped" in a synchronized map.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified map.

synchronizedSortedMap

public static SortedMap synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap m)

Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) sorted map backed by the specified sorted map. In order to guarantee serial access, it is critical that all access to the backing sorted map is accomplished through the returned sorted map (or its views).

It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned sorted map when iterating over any of its collection views, or the collections views of any of its subMap, headMap or tailMap views.

  SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new HashSortedMap());
      ...
  Set s = m.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
      ...
  synchronized(m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not s!
      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

or:

  SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new HashSortedMap());
  SortedMap m2 = m.subMap(foo, bar);
      ...
  Set s2 = m2.keySet();  // Needn't be in synchronized block
      ...
  synchronized(m) {  // Synchronizing on m, not m2 or s2!
      Iterator i = s.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
      while (i.hasNext())
          foo(i.next());
  }
 

Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

The returned sorted map will be serializable if the specified sorted map is serializable.

Parameters:

m - the sorted map to be "wrapped" in a synchronized sorted map.

Returns:

a synchronized view of the specified sorted map.

singleton

public static Set singleton(Object o)

Returns an immutable set containing only the specified object. The returned set is serializable.

Parameters:

o - the sole object to be stored in the returned set.

Returns:

an immutable set containing only the specified object.

singletonList

public static List singletonList(Object o)

Returns an immutable list containing only the specified object. The returned list is serializable.

Parameters:

o - the sole object to be stored in the returned list.

Returns:

an immutable list containing only the specified object.

Since:

1.3

singletonMap

public static Map singletonMap(Object key,
                               Object value)

Returns an immutable map, mapping only the specified key to the specified value. The returned map is serializable.

Parameters:

key - the sole key to be stored in the returned map.

value - the value to which the returned map maps key.

Returns:

an immutable map containing only the specified key-value mapping.

Since:

1.3

nCopies

public static List nCopies(int n,
                           Object o)

Returns an immutable list consisting of n copies of the specified object. The newly allocated data object is tiny (it contains a single reference to the data object). This method is useful in combination with the List.addAll method to grow lists. The returned list is serializable.

Parameters:

n - the number of elements in the returned list.

o - the element to appear repeatedly in the returned list.

Returns:

an immutable list consisting of n copies of the specified object.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if n < 0.

See Also:

List.addAll(Collection), List.addAll(int, Collection)

reverseOrder

public static Comparator reverseOrder()

Returns a comparator that imposes the reverse of the natural ordering on a collection of objects that implement the Comparable interface. (The natural ordering is the ordering imposed by the objects' own compareTo method.) This enables a simple idiom for sorting (or maintaining) collections (or arrays) of objects that implement the Comparable interface in reverse-natural-order. For example, suppose a is an array of strings. Then:

 		Arrays.sort(a, Collections.reverseOrder());
 

sorts the array in reverse-lexicographic (alphabetical) order.

The returned comparator is serializable.

Returns:

a comparator that imposes the reverse of the natural ordering on a collection of objects that implement the Comparable interface.

See Also:

Comparable

enumeration

public static Enumeration enumeration(Collection c)

Returns an enumeration over the specified collection. This provides interoperatbility with legacy APIs that require an enumeration as input.

Parameters:

c - the collection for which an enumeration is to be returned.

Returns:

an enumeration over the specified collection.

See Also:

Enumeration

list

public static ArrayList list(Enumeration e)

Returns an array list containing the elements returned by the specified enumeration in the order they are returned by the enumeration. This method provides interoperatbility between legacy APIs that return enumerations and new APIs that require collections.

Parameters:

e - enumeration providing elements for the returned array list

Returns:

an array list containing the elements returned by the specified enumeration.

Since:

1.4

See Also:

Enumeration, ArrayList

eq

private static boolean eq(Object o1,
                          Object o2)

Returns true if the specified arguments are equal, or both null.