| Philip II of Spain | Finally, after several years her pleadings by letter with King | secured relief. As a result, in 1579, the processes before the inquisition ... |
| James I | ... ly. This was when, on the death of Robert III in 1406, his heir, who became | , was a prisoner in England. James was eventually released and crowned in ... |
| Charles V | :For the lord of Chièvres, advisor to Emperor | , see: William de Croÿ |
| Sir Thomas Seymour | ... eens. It was here that she became acquainted with her future fourth husband | . The atmosphere of the court was much different from the rural and paroch ... |
| Henry Tudor | ... brother, Richard, (later Richard III) was famously killed in battle against | at Bosworth Field |
| Hugh d'Avranches | ... astle, to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. In 1071 he created | , the 1st Earl of Chester |
| Laurence Olivier | ... Estella in David Lean's version of Great Expectations (1946) and Ophelia in | 's Hamlet (1948), for which she received her first Oscar nomination. It wa ... |
| Sir Richard Attenborough | Mountbatten was portrayed by Peter Harlowe in | 's 1982 epic Gandhi |
| William the Conqueror | ... father Eustace II appeared at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 as an ally of | , and is listed as a possible killer of Harold II; he is also believed to ... |
| Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | ... ysis represented a key means of identifying the bodies. A blood sample from | (a grandson of Alexandra's oldest sister, Princess Victoria of Hesse and b ... |
| Peter III | ... came to power following a coup d'état and the assassination of her husband, | , at the end of the Seven Years' War. Russia was revitalized under her rei ... |
| Marquess of Dalhousie | ... tion of Oudh were political factors triggering dissent amongst Indians. The | 's policy of annexation, the doctrine of lapse (or escheat) applied by the ... |
| Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... arried Marie Amalie, Archduchess of Austria. Marie Amalie was a daughter of | and his wife Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Her materna ... |
| Edward V of England | The Princes in the Tower is a term which refers to | and Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York. The two brothers were the onl ... |
| Comte de Rochambeau | ... hboring localities, alongside allied French forces under the command of the | |
| William d'Aubigny | ... crown in 1102. King Henry II, who added on to the castle, in 1155 confirmed | as Earl of Arundel, with the honour and the castle of Arundel. Arundel Cas ... |
| Fulke Greville | ... erary contacts included membership, along with his friends and fellow poets | , Edward Dyer, Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey, of the (possibly fictiti ... |
| Henry VIII | ... whom he seems to have been Yeoman of the Guard. He was Sergeant-of-Arms to | in 1526, Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1532, and a Justice of the Peace f ... |
| Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York | The Princes in the Tower is a term which refers to Edward V of England and | . The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabet ... |
| Charles I | ... ent in an act of posthumous revenge for their part in the beheading of King | |
| Henry | ... in October 1216, many began to support the claim of his eldest son, Prince | . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry, with Fitz ... |
| Ida of Lorraine | ... logne, successor to his father Count Eustace II of Boulogne. His mother was | |
| George I | In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son, | , Elector of Hanover, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite ... |
| King Henry II | ... de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel, the castle was seized by the crown in 1102. | , who added on to the castle, in 1155 confirmed William d'Aubigny as Earl ... |
| William Cecil | ... knighted in 1583. An early arrangement to marry Anne Cecil, daughter of Sir | and eventual wife of de Vere, had fallen through in 1571. In 1583, he marr ... |
| Lord Dunmore | ... ed the Spanish to surrender on April 17, 1783, without a single shot fired. | governed the colony from 1787 to 1796 and oversaw the construction of Fort ... |
| Hugh Trevor-Roper | In 1969, along with | and A. J. P. Taylor, he became a member of the editorial board of Sir Wins ... |
| Edward IV of England | ... ard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of | and Elizabeth Woodville alive at the time of their father's death. Sometim ... |
| Frank De Winne | ... flight by Russian cosmonauts Yuri Lonchakov, Sergei Zalyotin and Belgium’s | |
| Tony Banks | ... eon-bombs: an EDM was tabled in the 2003–04 session of the UK Parliament by | , which concerns itself with a disclosure by MI5 that it had proposed usin ... |
| George II | In 1737, | began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax moneys, beginning ... |
| 6th Duke | The | (1790–1858), commonly known as 'the Bachelor Duke', was responsible for th ... |
| Clement Attlee | ... nomic activity. In the biography of the 1945 UK Labour Party Prime Minister | , Francis Beckett states: "the government... wanted what would become know ... |
| Stephen of England | ... V (c. 1129 – 17 August 1153), count of Boulogne, was the eldest son of King | and Countess Matilda I of Boulogne. When his father seized the English thr ... |
| King Edward VII | ... ctoria died, and May's father-in-law, Albert Edward, ascended the throne as | . For most of the rest of that year, George and May were styled TRH The Du ... |
| Earl Mountbatten of Burma | ... ectors' Awards at the Dorchester Hotel in London. Presenting the awards was | ; an award had just gone to Barry Took and Marty Feldman (writers of Round ... |
| Merckx, Eddy | ... ut - Meetjesland - Meeuwen-Gruitrode - Melle - Menen - Mercator, Gerardus - | - Merelbeke - Merksplas - Mertens, Pierre - Mesen - Meulebeke - Meuse-Infé ... |
| Denzil Holles | ... nt reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men – Pym, John Hampden, | , William Strode and Sir Arthur Haselrig – slipped away shortly before Cha ... |
| Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray | ... t cavalry, and the camp followers (who took part at the end of the battle). | , commanded the vanguard, which was stationed about a mile to the south of ... |
| Henry Rawlinson | ... arose between Sir Douglas Haig and his senior local commander, General Sir | , General Officer Commanding the British Fourth Army. Haig ordered that th ... |
| Catherine de' Medici | When Italian duchess | married the duc d’Orléans in 1533, she is said to have brought with her to ... |
| Alfonso the Chaste | In 1177, | went to the siege of Al- Madinat kunka (Cuenca) with a group armed and ide ... |
| Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... ntil Mirandola, an ally of Louis XIV of France, was conquered by his rival, | , in 1708 and annexed to Modena by Duke Rinaldo d'Este, the exiled male li ... |
| Lord Coleridge | ... city (Re Stepney Election Petition, Isaacson v Durant (1886) 17 QBD 54 (per | CJ)). Attachment to the person of the reigning Sovereign is not sufficient ... |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | ... "S" on the duchy's coat of arms represented Albert's sovereign, Sigismund. | , and Pope Clement VII objected to the Prussian Homage, which was derided ... |
| Raymond III of Tripoli | ... m was left to his nephew Baldwin V, whom he had crowned as co-king in 1183. | again served as regent. The following year, Baldwin V died before his nint ... |
| Joseph II | On Maria Theresa's death in 1780, she was succeeded by her son | , already Holy Roman Emperor since Francis I's death in 1765. A reformer h ... |
| Ferdinand | As one of their first acts after the war of succession, | and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brothe ... |
| Baldwin of Bourcq | ... he travelled all the way to Apulia before learning that a distant relative, | , had been crowned in the meantime. Eustace returned to Boulogne and died ... |
| Bertrand Russell | The philosopher | used the sentence "Quadruplicity drinks procrastination" to make a similar ... |
| King Philip II Augustus | ... y names. King John lost all his territories in mainland Normandy in 1204 to | , but retained possession of Jersey and the other Channel Islands. The isl ... |
| James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute | ... arldom of Bute (named after the Isle of Bute) upon the death of his father, | , in 1723. He was brought up thereafter by his maternal uncles, the 2nd Du ... |
| Hugh Capet | #redirect | |
| John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | ... ncess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Her maternal grandfather was | . In 1725 Charles Albert visited Versailles for the wedding of Louis XV an ... |
| Rudolph IV | Margarete Maultasch decided to bequeathe Tyrol to Duke | of the House of Habsburg, probably pressed by the aristocracy, an act whic ... |
| Henry III | Leiden was sacked in 1047 by Emperor | . Early 13th century, Ada, Countess of Holland took refuge here when she w ... |
| Charles I of England | ... efs who had recipes for flavoured ices or sorbets. One hundred years later, | was, it was reported, so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered hi ... |
| Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg | ... of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1415. However, after the 1440 death of | , the Franconian cadet branch of the family was not politically united wit ... |
| Baldwin of Boulogne | ... 1096 with his brothers Godfrey of Bouillon (duke of Lower Lotharingia) and | . He soon returned to Europe to administer his domains. He married Mary of ... |
| King Henry | ... elf with Mary and was now part of her household. It was in the household of | and Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Lady Mary, that Catherine Parr caught ... |
| Arthur Balfour | ... nstitute. A new building was begun in 1895 and opened by the Prime Minister | in October 1902. On the site previously had been cheap crowded inner-city ... |
| George II | ... e United Kingdom, although the title was not then in use. The next monarch, | , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholi ... |
| Richard | ... sumed killed) within a year of Edward's death. The king's youngest brother, | , (later Richard III) was famously killed in battle against Henry Tudor at ... |
| Philip | ... Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia; Pope John Paul II; Prince Charles, and Prince | |
| Montagu Bertie, 7th Earl of Abingdon | ... iscilla Cecilia Maria Reyntiens, London councillor and granddaughter of the | . He gained two stepsons from this marriage; Sir Simon Towneley and Sir Pe ... |
| Henry of Anjou | ... ssibility of a peaceful settlement between Stephen and his rival, the young | . According to William of Newburgh, King Stephen was "grieved beyond measu ... |
| Stephen II | ... by the aristocracy, an act which caused a conflict between Meinhard's uncle | , who forged an alliance with the powerful Lord of Milan Bernabò Visconti ... |
| Sir Robert Walpole | ... in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to | , who is often considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, ... |
| Duke of Marlborough | King George also had a personal friendship with the Marlboroughs; the | had fought with him in the War of the Spanish Succession, and John and Sar ... |
| Roger de Montgomery | ... ncestors for over 850 years is Arundel Castle. Built in the 11th Century by | , Earl of Arundel, the castle was seized by the crown in 1102. King Henry ... |
| Henry III | In the 13th century, Kings | (1216–1272) and Edward I (1272–1307) extended the castle, essentially crea ... |
| Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey | ... son – Thomas Hood – Teresa Hooley – Gerard Manley Hopkins – A. E. Housman – | – T. E. Hulme – Leigh Hunt – Elizabeth Jennings – Samuel Johnson – John Ke ... |
| Christian II | ... ho successfully liberated Sweden from the temporary rule of the Danish King | in 1521 |
| Lagrange | The theorem was proved by | and generalized by Hans Heinrich Bürmann, both in the late 18th century. T ... |
| King James II | ... y the 1689 English Declaration of Rights, which formally ended the reign of | . During the American Revolution, Jefferson and other Americans looked to ... |
| Edward I | ... tagonist, a fictional Englishman who journeys to China during the reigns of | and Kublai Khan. Costain's narration includes technology such as the compa ... |
| Richard III of England | ... y ship coming to an English port had to bring four bowstaves for every tun. | increased this to ten for every tun. This stimulated a vast network of ext ... |
| Lord Hastings' | Despite | less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated his tr ... |
| Emperor Maximilian | ... y of Leuven. His grandfather, Everard van Wesel, was the Royal Physician of | , while his father, Anders van Wesel, went on to serve as apothecary to Ma ... |
| Matilda of Boulogne | ... cotland, and Saint Margaret of Scotland. Eustace and Mary had one daughter, | |
| Count of Flanders | ... he marriage of his son Alexander to Margaret, daughter of Guy de Dampierre, | , probably also in 1281. The treaty arranging the marriage, signed in Dece ... |
| Earl of Leicester | ... (said by John Strecche to have encouraged the Agincourt campaign), and the | 's lavish reception of Elizabeth I in 1575 |
| Albert | ... George, who liked a relatively simple life. They had six children: Edward, | , Mary, Henry, George, and John |
| Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | ... ell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of | . She was held to be strikingly beautiful by her contemporaries. On 1 Augu ... |
| James Lowther | # Lady Mary Stuart (c. 1741 – 5 April 1824), who married | , later the 1st Earl of Lonsdale, on 7 September 1761 |
| Henry I of France | ... n 9 April 1054, Judith was betrothed to Philip, eldest son and heir of King | . However, the engagement was broken in September 1058, when her brother E ... |
| George Macartney | #Lady Jane Stuart (c. 1748 – 28 February 1828), who married | , later the 1st Earl Macartney, on 1 February 1768 |
| James II's Catholic son | ... rotestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than | ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland |
| Duke of Halland | ... went on a private visit to Wuppertal, Germany; at the same time, H.R.H. the | was on a private visit to Sainte-Maxime, France. The Government therefore ... |
| Louis XVIII | ... e island of Elba, and restored the French Bourbon monarchy in the person of | . They signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau (11 April 1814) and initiated th ... |
| King Harold | ... shire and Monmouthshire, and traced his descent from an Owen of the time of | and a Sitsyllt of the reign of William Rufus. Sitsylt is the original Wels ... |
| Edward I | In the 13th century, Kings Henry III (1216–1272) and | (1272–1307) extended the castle, essentially creating it as it stands toda ... |
| Lew Grade | ... ly a child audience. Henson was finally able to convince British impresario | to finance the show, which would be shot in the United Kingdom and syndica ... |
| Lord Warkworth | #Lady Anne Stuart (born c. 1745), who married | , later the 2nd Duke of Northumberland, on 2 July 1764 |
| Carl XVI Gustaf | Under H.M. | , the present King of Sweden since 1973, the plain triple-tailed flag has ... |
| Baldwin I of Jerusalem | When his youngest brother king | died in 1118, the elderly Eustace was offered the throne. Eustace was at f ... |
| another brother | ... d brother were killed at the Battle of Wakefield, while his grandfather and | were executed for treason. Edward's two sons were imprisoned and disappear ... |
| Jay Gould | ... d combining the last names of competing railroad magnates J.W. Paramore and | . Paramore’s Texas & Saint Louis Railway (later the Cotton Belt) and Gould ... |
| Prince William, Duke of Cumberland | ... on is 156,898. Its county seat is Bridgeton. Cumberland County is named for | |
| General Cornwallis | ... nia along present-day Ashford Avenue and Broadway, en route to victory over | at the Siege of Yorktown and to victory in the Revolutionary War |
| King George III | ... he independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against | , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights, including a right of ... |
| James IV | In 1497 King | visited the Bass and stayed in the castle with a later Sir Robert Lauder o ... |
| Ratchis | ... y Abbot Petronax, when among the monks were Carloman, son of Charles Martel | ;, predecessor of the great Lombard Duke and King Aistulf; and Paul the De ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... t the Jewish religion." These were the charges brought by the government of | and Isabella I of Castile against the Jews. They constituted the grounds f ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... ems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the War Requiem of | juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Pende ... |
| Maximilian I | In 1505, Holy Roman Emperor | established a postal system in the Empire, appointing Franz von Thurn und ... |
| Henry | ... iked a relatively simple life. They had six children: Edward, Albert, Mary, | , George, and John |
| Andrew Carnegie | Dunfermline's most famous son is the entrepreneur and philanthropist, | who was born in the town in 1835. Among the gifts he gave to his home town ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... 1974–92, and served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the government of | from June 1983 to October 1989. He was made a life peer in 1992 |
| Leopold II | ... roved a boon for Austria, as he was succeeded by his more sensible brother, | , previously the reforming Grand Duke of Tuscany. Leopold knew when to cut ... |
| Lord Brabourne | ... ception would more likely reflect response to the uncle than to the nephew. | counselled that the intense scrutiny of the press would be more likely to ... |
| Lord Byron | On 15 October 1816, the Romantic poet | visited the Ambrosian Library of Milan. He was delighted by the letters be ... |
| James I of Scotland | ... e David II of Scotland (reign 1329-71), the son of Robert The Bruce in 1324 | ;(reign 1406-37) in late 1394 and Charles I of England, King of England, S ... |
| Earl of Winchilsea | ... who was elected despite not being legally allowed to sit in Parliament. The | accused the Duke of, "an insidious design for the infringement of our libe ... |
| Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford | ... r de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and veterans like Henry de Beaumont and | . The most irreconcilable of Bruce's Scottish enemies also came: Ingram de ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... ("scabs") and the business property of the major industrialists, including | |
| Charles I of England | ... ert The Bruce in 1324; James I of Scotland (reign 1406-37) in late 1394 and | , King of England, Scotland and Ireland (reign 1625-49) in 1600. James VI ... |
| Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba | ... ty successfully withstood a siege by Spanish forces under the leadership of | . It was a turning point in the Eighty Years War and gave rise to the expr ... |
| Henry VI | ... st force. The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when | was captured at the Battle of Northampton. With the help of Richard Nevill ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... take on World War I, which was released in a cinematic version directed by | in 1969 |
| Edward V | ... ent is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London. | 's uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the ... |
| Earl Mountbatten of Burma | ... le all over the country. On 27 August 1979 the Provisional IRA assassinated | in County Sligo. On the same day the IRA killed 18 British soldiers at War ... |
| John Churchill | | died at Windsor in 1722, and Sarah arranged a large funeral for him. Their ... |
| Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria | He was born in Brussels as the son of | , and Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, and the grandson of Polish King John III ... |
| Henry VII | ... e best inn in Stamford. David somehow secured the favour of the first Tudor | , to whom he seems to have been Yeoman of the Guard. He was Sergeant-of-Ar ... |
| King George V | ... of the modern shopping area, built in 1912, commemorates the coronation of | . In the late 1970s the London Borough of Bexley built its headquarters, t ... |
| Ramon Berenguer IV | ... hose women who defended the town of Tortosa against an attack by the Moors, | , then count of Barcelona, created the order of the Hatchet (orden de la H ... |
| John Lubbock | In his highly influential Pre-historic Times, | described burnt bones indicating the practice of child sacrifice in pagan ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... arly inspired by his frequent collaborator David Lean. Praise also came for | 's cameo as the Duke of Wellington, with Philip French of The Times writin ... |
| Sir Douglas Haig | By 19 December 1915, General | had replaced General Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British ... |
| King George V | ... viour of both groups immediately became controversial (one major critic was | ) for their brutality and violence, not just towards IRA suspects and pris ... |
| John Prescott | ... ection in May 1997, the new transport secretary (and deputy prime minister) | took a much harder line. When Swift's five-year term of office expired on ... |
| 12th Duke | The | , who succeeded to the title in 2004, continues to live primarily on the f ... |
| Lady Brabourne | Charles dutifully wrote to Amanda's mother (who was also his godmother), | , about his interest. Her answer was supportive, but advised him that she ... |
| Frederick IV "Empty Pockets" | ... 10 the invasion of the lower Inn valley by the Bavarians. Under the rule of | internal conflicts between the powerful local aristocracy and the duke aro ... |
| Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria | ... Rheinfelden, Duke of Swabia and Antiking), Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and | (who also died in infancy). In addition, Judith had an older half-sister, ... |
| James I | ... n 1406 King Robert III, apprehensive of danger to his son James (afterwards | ) from the Duke of Albany, placed the youthful prince in the safe-custody ... |
| Charles V | ... as apothecary to Maximillian, and later a valet de chambre to his successor | . Anders encouraged his son to continue in the family tradition, and enrol ... |
| Frederick I of Denmark | On 1 March 1526 Albert married Princess Dorothea, daughter of King | , thereby establishing political ties between Lutheranism and Scandinavia. ... |
| Ernest Rutherford | In 1911, | gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's m ... |
| Louis VII of France | ... ers dated no later than August 1131. In 1137, he did homage for Normandy to | , whose sister, Constance, he subsequently married in 1140 (as a widow she ... |
| Henrietta | ... indsor in 1722, and Sarah arranged a large funeral for him. Their daughter, | , became duchess in her own right. Sarah became one of the trustees of the ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ard Family were Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, second and fifth wives of | . Both women were nieces of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, who played ... |
| Sir John French | By 19 December 1915, General Sir Douglas Haig had replaced General | as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Haig favou ... |
| Edward IV | ... Kingmaker") Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470. However, | soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, ... |
| Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke | ... nry let him use a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by | , to help him regain his throne. Dermot and his Anglo-Norman allies succee ... |
| King George III | ... e usual French spelling, is explained by his having been named in honour of | |
| 9th Duke | ... lived in the castle after marrying the Lord Charles Cavendish, a son of the | and, after his death in 1944, continued to use the castle until shortly be ... |
| Prince Philip | ... Windsor by subsequent royal decree. After the marriage of Elizabeth II and | , it was decreed that their non-royal descendants were to bear the (maiden ... |
| Godfrey of Bouillon | He went on the First Crusade in 1096 with his brothers | (duke of Lower Lotharingia) and Baldwin of Boulogne. He soon returned to E ... |
| Ernest Rutherford | ... aper, with some unknown radiation that could not be turned off like X-rays. | continued these experiments and discovered two different kinds of radiatio ... |
| Lady Charlotte Boyle | ... ndish family in 1753 when the daughter and heiress of the 4th Earl of Cork, | (1731-1754) married William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, a future Pr ... |
| Charles XIII | ... Pomerania, two of her first cousins became Kings of Sweden: Gustav III and | . In accordance with the custom then prevailing in the ruling dynasties of ... |
| Baldwin of Flanders | ... married to Maria Komnene, empress in the 1170s and 80s. Instead they placed | on the throne. Boniface went on to found the Kingdom of Thessalonica, a va ... |
| Henry VIII | ... e of Repeal Act (1553); the Protestant religious laws passed in the time of | were repealed; and the Revival of the Heresy Acts were passed in 1554. The ... |
| Lord Young of Dartington | ... rs, Mike Skinner, Alison Steadman, Imre Varadi, Rod Stewart, Victoria Wood, | , Toby Young, and Alex Zane |
| Henry Tudor | ... ncastrian line had virtually been extinguished, and the only rival left was | , who was living in exile |
| Francesco II | The Cathedral was begun in 1532 under Duke | , who commissioned the design to Antonio da Lonate. The edifice was comple ... |
| Simon de Montfort | ... were becoming dangerously unruly. In 1258, the discontented barons, led by | , forced the King to agree to reforms including holding regular parliament ... |
| Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke | ... s was recorded by the Chief of the Imperial General Staff Field Marshal Sir | in his diary entries of the 1/2 July 1940 |
| Henry VIII | The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under | , beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this ... |
| John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland | ... ir Henry Sidney and Lady Mary Dudley. His mother was the eldest daughter of | , and the sister of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. His younger sist ... |
| Edward, Prince of Wales | ... Queen Elizabeth I. She also developed a good relationship with Henry's son | , later King Edward VI. When she became Queen, her uncle Lord Parr of Hort ... |
| George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | In 1636 | , ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his res ... |
| Richard Duke of Gloucester | ... most infamous events associated with the Tower of London. Edward V's uncle | was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule. The 12 ... |
| 4th Earl of Cork | ... quired by the Cavendish family in 1753 when the daughter and heiress of the | , Lady Charlotte Boyle (1731-1754) married William Cavendish, 4th Duke of ... |
| Peter of Holstein-Gottorp | The choice of Sophia as wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar | , resulted from some amount of diplomatic management in which Count Lestoc ... |
| Louis IV | ... emperor at Frankfurt. Charles VII was the second Wittelsbach Emperor after | and the first Wittelsbach King of the Romans since the rule of Rupert of G ... |
| 3rd Marquess of Bute | ... r popular parks include Roath Park in the north, donated to the city by the | in 1887 and which includes a very popular boating lake; Victoria Park, Car ... |
| Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk | ... ting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with | , who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted t ... |
| King George II | ... of her £500 income as Ranger of Windsor Great Park. Sarah was also rude to | –making it clear that he was "too much of a German"–which further alienate ... |
| William IV | ... reign, the power of the monarchy declined and by the time of his successor, | , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamenta ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... er Louis XIII. In 1632, Isaac de Razilly became involved, at the request of | , in the colonization of Acadia, by taking possession of the Habitation at ... |
| John II of France | ... mongst Edward's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King | was taken prisoner, and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Ne ... |
| George Anson | Admirals | . and Admiral Jonathon Band, current First Sea Lord are both notable in Po ... |
| Walter Devereux | ... he 16th century in Ireland, where it was used by English commanders such as | and Richard Bingham. Its most infamous use was by Humphrey Gilbert during ... |
| Emperor Charles VII | ... a to the Prussians. In 1745, following the reign of the Bavarian Elector as | , Maria Theresa's husband Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was ... |
| Charles VII | ... burg on 23 September, Bavarian troops, for the first time since the days of | , fought side by side with the French, and by the Treaty of Pressburg, sig ... |
| Lamoral, Count of Egmont | Laakdal - Laarne - Labour Court (Belgium) - | - Lanaken - Land of Herve - Langemark-Poelkapelle - Language legislation i ... |
| Strongbow | ... 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge; in Ireland, the capture of Dublin by | and his Hiberno-Norman forces in 1171; and 1263 in Scotland by the defeat ... |
| Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor | ... Matilda (later wife of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Duke of Swabia and Antiking), | and Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria (who also died in infancy). In addition, Ju ... |
| Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | ... left with the prisoners. Alexandra kept only two bracelets which her uncle, | , had given her as a child and which she could not take off. He did not kn ... |
| Eugène de Beauharnais | ... or the revolutions to come. Among these monarchs were the viceroy of Italy, | , who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of ... |
| Northumberland's | ... Montrose, Strafford was sent north to command the English forces following | illness. The Scottish soldiery, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Y ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... tered the oil business by starting a refinery. In 1867, his older brother ( | )'s partnership of Rockefeller & Andrews absorbed this refinery. In 1870, ... |
| King John | ... meaning navel, because it was thought to be the navel of England. In 1203, | granted Naseby its market charter and the village became a flourishing mar ... |
| Lord Parr of Horton | ... rd, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VI. When she became Queen, her uncle | became her Lord Chamberlain |
| Henry IV | ... a Parisian) and to Henry III of Navarre who later became king of France as | |
| Lord Byron | ... Frari, Venice. Foscari's life was the subject of a play The Two Foscari by | (1821) and an episode in Samuel Rogers' long poem Italy. The Byron play se ... |
| James VII | Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale held the Bass for | for a brief period after the Scottish parliament declared his abdication. ... |
| Leofric, Earl of Mercia | ... that was later left in ruins by King Canute's invading Danish army in 1016. | and his wife Lady Godiva built on the remains of the nunnery and founded a ... |
| Edward II | ... and Aylsham webb or 'cloth of Aylsham' was supplied to the royal palaces of | and III |
| Henry VI | ... s royal motto was modus et ordo, or "method and order"). The latter days of | 's government had been marked by a general breakdown in law and order, as ... |
| Edward, the Prince of Wales | ... ceremony of the Hall was on 29 March 1871. A welcoming speech was given by | ; Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak although she did comment that i ... |
| Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester | ... dest daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and the sister of | . His younger sister, Mary Sidney, married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pemb ... |
| Richard | ... d Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother | . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in July. The prin ... |
| Brunswick-Lüneburg | In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the | principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Br ... |
| Henry Bolingbroke | ... im after he promised that he had just come to reclaim his dukedom - just as | had done seventy years earlier. As he marched southwards he began to gathe ... |
| Otto I | In 953 the German king | had appointed his brother Bruno the Great Duke of Lotharingia |
| Marshal Humières | ... Luxembourg (a position he would keep until his death in 1695), superseding | who had suffered defeat at the Battle of Walcourt the previous year. Luxem ... |
| Lord Hertford | ... low appointed councillors Thomas Cranmer (the Archbishop of Canterbury) and | , Catherine obtained effective control and was able to rule as she saw fit ... |
| Aistulf | ... of Charles Martel; Ratchis, predecessor of the great Lombard Duke and King | ; and Paul the Deacon, the historian of the Lombards |
| Philip V of Spain | ... between 1700 and 1720. After it was assigned to Emperor Charles VI in 1714, | briefly recovered the island in 1717, but in 1720 the European powers assi ... |
| Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor | She was the daughter of | by his second wife Agnes, daughter of William V, Duke of Aquitaine and Cou ... |
| Henry de Beaumont | ... h wars, headed by Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and veterans like | and Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford. The most irreconcilable of ... |
| Frederick I of Bar | ... later, around the fifteenth century. The first duke and deputy of Bruno was | , son-in-law of Bruno's sister Hedwig of Saxony |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | ... raphic recuperation and some measure of economic recuperation. The reign of | as Charles I of Spain was a harmonious period, during which Catalonia gene ... |
| William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby | ... . In 1285 the husbands of two of these, Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and | , jointly claimed view of frankpledge over Napton. There are further refer ... |
| Marshal Boufflers | ... 4 battalions and 94 squadrons; if necessary he could call upon support from | ’ forces on the Moselle |
| Richard, Duke of Gloucester | ... VI, and Edward took refuge in Burgundy, accompanied by his younger brother | . The rulers of Burgundy were his brother-in-law Charles, Duke of Burgundy ... |
| King Edward's | ... he Bruce counselled using these operational methods to hold off the English | forces when the English invaded Scotland, according to an anonymous 14th-c ... |
| William V, Duke of Aquitaine | ... hter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor by his second wife Agnes, daughter of | and Count of Poitou |
| Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke | ... ert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. His younger sister, Mary Sidney, married | . Mary Sidney, who upon her marriage became the Countess of Pembroke, was ... |
| King Charles I | ... oor a small distance north of the village the Royalist forces, commanded by | , battled the Roundhead army commanded by Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax ... |
| Richard I | ... was elected Bishop of Salisbury shortly after the accession of Henry's son | to the throne of England |
| Clement Attlee | ... current stones were dedicated in September 1946 by the then Prime Minister | , replacing those destroyed during WW2 as an anti-invasion measure. The lo ... |
| Lloyd George | ... es into gold – but with Keynes's help the Chancellor of the Exchequer (then | ) was persuaded that this would be a bad idea, as it would hurt the future ... |
| Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk | ... h the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current Duke of Norfolk is | . The dukes have historically been Roman Catholic, a state of affairs know ... |
| Prince Henry | ... or - described as the King's "familiar councillor" - and tutor to the young | |
| 1st Earl Roberts | ... military commanders: past examples included the 1st Viscount Nelson and the | |
| Charles X Gustav | After | , the son of John Casimir, count palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, succeeded ... |
| Lew Grade | During its ATV days, the chairman of the station | , was said to have taken a personal dislike to the show but was persuaded ... |
| Gisulf II of Benevento | In 744, a donation of | created the Terra Sancti Benedicti, the secular lands of the abbacy, which ... |
| Edward VI | In 1553, Mary I, a Roman Catholic, succeeded her Protestant half-brother, | , to the English throne. Mary set about trying to restore Roman Catholicis ... |
| James I | During the 15th century | consigned several of his political enemies, including Walter Stewart to Th ... |
| Anne Beauchamp | ... o Isabella Neville and Anne Neville. They were both daughters of Warwick by | and rival heirs to the considerable inheritance of their still-living moth ... |
| Brabant | ... ler territories and only the title of a "Duke of Lothier" remained, held by | . After the duchy of the Moselle came into the possession of René of Anjou ... |
| Lord Nelson | ... handful of British subjects to be honoured in that way (other examples are | and Winston Churchill)—and the last heraldic state funeral to be held in B ... |
| Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester | ... f Winchester. Napton was still part of the Honour of Winchester in 1271 but | had died in 1265 with no male heir, leaving his estates to his three daugh ... |
| James Callaghan | ... e of great importance. The censure motion by which the Labour Government of | was ejected had its origin in an early day motion (no. 351 of 1978–79), pu ... |
| Don Carlos | ... whose settlement saw Austria cede Naples and Sicily to the Spanish Infante | in exchange for the tiny Duchy of Parma and Spain and France's adherence t ... |
| Ludovico il Moro | ... is also said to have been laid out by Bramante, and was certainly built for | , starting in 1492-93 and completed in record time, unusual for early Rena ... |
| Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke | ... mpanied by many of the seasoned campaigners of the Scottish wars, headed by | , and veterans like Henry de Beaumont and Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de ... |
| Emperor Charles V | ... ter publication, Vesalius was invited as Imperial physician to the court of | . He informed the Venetian Senate that he was leaving his post in Padua, w ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... nch as the long-suffering Mr Lamb (a role first offered to Timothy Dalton), | as the Duke of Wellington, Richard Chamberlain as Byron, and Ralph Richard ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... in an early day motion (no. 351 of 1978–79), put down on March 22, 1979, by | |
| James I of England | ... able shipbuilding location by John Wood, a shipbuilder, who petitioned King | for a land grant. The surrounding area was soon settled as a plantation co ... |
| Edward II's | During | reign (1307–1327) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of Lon ... |
| Duchy of Savoy | ... laude Louis Berthollet was born in Talloires, near Annecy, then part of the | , in 1749 |
| Prince George, the new Prince of Wales | ... e of the Prince. Upon the Prince's death in 1751, the education of his son, | , became a priority and in 1755 Bute was appointed as his tutor. Bute arra ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... rs' worthless recognitions of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter | his heir. The most notable instance of this was in the War of the Polish S ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... ies were overrun by the Austrians and Bavaria was occupied by the troops of | . Therefore the emperor fled Munich and resided for almost three years in ... |
| Henry II of England | In the 12th century the only English pope, Adrian IV, authorised King | to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal ... |
| Peter III of Aragon | ... of Anjou in Palermo, and the invasion of the Sicily by the Catalans of King | . Michael VIII was forced to drain the treasury to pay the enormous bribe ... |
| Rudolf of Rheinfelden | ... urg), Gisela (who died in infancy before her birth), Matilda (later wife of | , Duke of Swabia and Antiking), Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad II ... |
| Charles Seymour | ... marriage after the death of her husband, including one from her old enemy, | , the sixth Duke of Somerset. Ultimately, she decided against remarriage, ... |
| Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham | ... record of such an important confession has ever been found or referred to. | was Richard's right-hand man and sought personal advantage through the new ... |
| James I’s | | ambassador to Paris, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, who pr ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509. During the reign of | , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences. In ... |
| Pierre Deligne | ... w "mainstream-for-Princeton"; but this assimilation (through David Mumford, | and others) hardly includes all of the content |
| Duke of Burgundy | ... This copy remained in the royal library and then passed to Philip the Good, | , before reaching Brussels, where it was lost. It was rediscovered only in ... |
| Bertrand Russell | | named Keynes one of the most intelligent people he had ever known, comment ... |
| 1st Viscount Nelson | ... ent for such remainders for military commanders: past examples included the | and the 1st Earl Roberts |
| Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury | ... It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture and is currently the home of | . The house is open to the public |
| Earl of Somerset | ... ement of Queen Anne at Caversham House, and a third for the marriage of the | to the infamous . If, moreover, as appears quite likely, his Two Bookes of ... |
| Frederick | # | (1471–1533), Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, in Gottorp, later also King o ... |
| John | ... rd's death in 1199, Walter helped assure the elevation of Richard's brother | to the throne. Walter also served John as a diplomat, undertaking several ... |
| Henry II | His 1152 marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine allowed the future | to gain control of his new wife's possessions of Aquitaine and Gascony. Th ... |
| Lord Byron | ... a 1972 film based on the life of the notorious Lady Caroline Lamb, lover of | and wife of Prime Minister Viscount Melbourne. The film was written and di ... |
| Charles | ... the Belgians; King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia; Pope John Paul II; Prince | , and Prince Philip |
| John IV, Duke of Brabant | In the 15th century the city of Leuven, with the support of | , made a formal request to the Holy See for a university. Pope Martin V is ... |
| George V | On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died. The Prince of Wales ascended the throne as | , and Mary became queen consort. When her husband asked her to drop one of ... |
| 2nd Duke of Argyll | ... of Bute, in 1723. He was brought up thereafter by his maternal uncles, the | and Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, 1st and only Earl of Ilay |
| King Henry VIII's | ... Hertfordshire, in England. She took on the stage name "Jane Seymour" after | third wife |
| eldest daughter | ... herself. She was surprised by the grief she felt following the death of her | in 1733. Sarah lived to see her enemy Robert Walpole fall in 1742, and in ... |
| Otto I | ... a bridgehead to Italy, which was re-affirmed during the Italian Campaign of | . In the years 1007 and 1027 the Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire granted ... |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | The most prominent were William K. Vanderbilt, grandson of railroad magnate | ; Frederick G. Bourne, president of the Singer Sewing Machine Co., and Chr ... |
| Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke | ... onathan Swift, John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Robert Harley, Thomas Parnell, and | . This club included several of the notable satirists of early 18th centur ... |
| Prince Frederick, the Prince of Wales | ... bellion of 1745, Bute moved to Westminster, London, and two years later met | there, soon becoming a close associate of the Prince. Upon the Prince's de ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... au (1740–1817); Prime Ministers William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) and Sir | (1676–1745); Queen Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1683–1737); John Stuar ... |
| Baudouin | ... ave been Princess Grace of Monaco and her husband, Prince Rainier III; King | of the Belgians; King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia; Pope John Paul II; Pri ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... an Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of | to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either ... |
| Philip the Good | ... inal manuscript. This copy remained in the royal library and then passed to | , Duke of Burgundy, before reaching Brussels, where it was lost. It was re ... |
| James I | ... anor. The ownership of the Lancaster manor changed hands many times, before | assigned it to his son, the future Charles I |
| George III | ... ic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, | , Britain's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed ... |
| Patricia Mountbatten, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma | Lord and Lady Mountbatten had two daughters: | (born on 14 February 1924), sometime lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II ... |
| Antwerp | ... Tyndale: the Pentateuch, and the book of Jonah. The publication appeared in | and was partly financed by Jacobus van Meteren. In 1537, his translations ... |
| William I of Scotland | ... of the richest in Scotland, but that changed in 1189. He was asked by King | to offer most of his clan's treasure in order to fulfill King Richard I of ... |
| Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin | ... re removed from Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens by | , and are now part of the British Museum collection in London. In anticipa ... |
| Richard Attenborough's | In 1969, Seymour appeared uncredited in her first film, | Oh! What a Lovely War. In 1970, Seymour appeared in her first major film r ... |
| Henry III of England | ... ecclesiastical office. In the name of his fellow bishops he admonished King | at Westminster, on 2 February 1234, to heed the example of his father, Kin ... |
| Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk | The current Duke of Norfolk is | , who succeeded his father, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of ... |
| Charles I | ... changed hands many times, before James I assigned it to his son, the future | |
| Henry Tudor | ... until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 by the Lancastrian | , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII |
| Lord Hill | ... in-Chief of the British Army on 15 August 1842 following the resignation of | |
| Antwerp | ... tween Monschau and Losheimergraben, cross the Meuse River, and then capture | . Kampfgruppe Peiper, named after and under the command of SS-Obersturmban ... |
| the Duke of Devonshire | ... iggism; and he criticised White Kennet's adulatory sermon at the funeral of | |
| George IV | ... orphyria, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future | , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent. During the Regency and his own reig ... |
| Sir Thomas Seymour | ... ter the death of Parr's second husband, Catherine began a relationship with | , the brother of the late queen Jane Seymour, but the King took a liking t ... |
| Ferdinand III | In 1799, King | created Bronte as a Duchy, and rewarded admiral Horatio Nelson with the ti ... |
| Earl Grey | ... on the Bank of England. This left King William IV no choice but to restore | to the premiership. Eventually the bill passed the House of Lords after th ... |
| Henry Rawlinson | ... eral Sir Douglas Haig, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force and | , the commander of Fourth Army, have been criticised for incurring very se ... |
| Richard I of England | ... I of Scotland to offer most of his clan's treasure in order to fulfill King | 's terms for a treaty that been signed between them. The treaty said that ... |
| Edward II of England | ... . It was now two years since an English army had come to Scotland, and King | had recently been on the verge of war with his barons after the murder of ... |
| Norman Foster | ... IC Centre for Contemporary Art, the venue for the Turner Prize 2011 and the | -designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Qua ... |
| John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute | ... bert Walpole (1676–1745); Queen Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1683–1737) | ;(1713–92) his architect William Burges (1827–1881) and the present Prince ... |
| Charles VI | ... d claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty after the death of | in 1740. With the treaty of Nymphenburg concluded in July 1741, Charles Al ... |
| Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester | ... de Beaumont's manor at Napton became part of the honour of Leicester. When | died in 1204 leaving no male heir his estates were divided between his two ... |
| Charles V | In 1520 | united the twenty-four hamlets of the surrounding area, which formed the t ... |
| Joseph Louis Lagrange | ... rvations." Germain obtained the lecture notes and began sending her work to | , a faculty member. She used the name M. LeBlanc, “fearing,” as she later ... |
| Meinhard II | ... rol and Gorizia, but for a time the Duchy of Carinthia. At the end of count | 's rule (1259–1295) the "county and reign of Tyrol" had established itself ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... g Mr Lamb (a role first offered to Timothy Dalton), Laurence Olivier as the | , Richard Chamberlain as Byron, and Ralph Richardson as King George IV. Th ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... June 24, 1922), American financier, was a co-founder with his older brother | of the prominent United States Rockefeller family. He was the son of Willi ... |
| Louis Antoine de Bougainville | ... thought was a southern continent. Europeans did not return until 1768, when | rediscovered the islands. In 1774, Captain Cook named the islands the New ... |
| John IV, Duke of Brabant | ... Belgium. The university was founded in 1425 as the University of Leuven by | and approved by a Papal bull by Pope Martin V |
| Ian Macpherson | ... ). Rather than court-martial Sassoon, the Under-Secretary of State for War, | decided that he was unfit for service and had him sent to Craiglockhart Wa ... |
| Peter | ... ration" (Ínclita Geração): Edward, the future king, was a poet and a writer | ;, the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; a ... |
| King George III | ... d the king for repeal of the acts. These measures were unsuccessful because | and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retre ... |
| Fulke Greville | An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, | |
| 7th Earl of Shaftesbury | ... red William Ashley, later 1st Baron Mount Temple, himself a grandson of the | . She was the favourite granddaughter of the Edwardian magnate Sir Ernest ... |
| John | # | (1455–1513), King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Duke of Schleswig and Hol ... |
| Edward I | ... of Chelsea (Chelsey), Kensington (Kensing town) and Charing. In the time of | , the manor of Knightsbridge appertained to the abbey of Westminster. It w ... |
| King Edward VIII | In 1920, the Prince of Wales (the future | ) visited the area. Impressed by what he saw, he recommended the place in ... |
| St Louis | ... rchbishops, the two generals of the Carthusians and Cistercians, the king ( | ), and three of his sons, the queen mother, Baldwin, count of Flanders and ... |
| Anthony Eden | ... ion of the Home Guard (initially as the Local Defence Volunteers) following | 's broadcast appeal to the Nation on Tuesday 14 May 1940 also created furt ... |
| Duc de Luxembourg | ... 0, was a major engagement of the Nine Years' War. In a bold envelopment the | , commanding Louis XIV’s army of some 35,000 men, soundly defeated Prince ... |
| Bernard Delfont | ... he Knickerbocker Hotel as a subterfuge for a business meeting with producer | , the doors opened to their suite #205, flooding the room with light and t ... |
| Lothair II | ... r Lotharingia was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King | (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia, cre ... |
| George V | ... British monarchs stayed at the Viceregal Lodge, notably Queen Victoria and | . American presidents hosted here include Presidents John F. Kennedy, Rich ... |
| 1st Duke of Argyll | A close relative of the Clan Campbell (his mother was a daughter of the | ), Bute succeeded to the Earldom of Bute (named after the Isle of Bute) up ... |
| Francis of Lorraine | ... ign of the Bavarian Elector as Emperor Charles VII, Maria Theresa's husband | , Grand Duke of Tuscany, was elected Emperor, restoring control of that po ... |
| Burghley | ... y on the morning of 6 April. There is some evidence that the Lord Treasurer | endeavoured to save their lives, and was frustrated by Whitgift and other ... |
| Simon de Montfort | In 1248, | was appointed Governor in the unsettled Duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaint ... |
| Philip II of Spain | ... rtuguese in 1641 while Spain began to colonize the Philippines (named after | ) from 1560s. Acting through the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch estab ... |
| Henry VI | ... ated the Lancastrians in a succession of battles. And while the Lancastrian | and Queen Margaret of Anjou were campaigning in the north of England, Warw ... |
| George Clifford | ... rancis Drake in 1595 (in what is known as the Battle of Puerto Rico) and by | , Earl of Cumberland, in 1598. Artillery from San Juan's fort, El Morro, r ... |
| Thomas Cromwell | ... he Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences. In 1532 | spent £3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3000 tons of Caen stone for th ... |
| Henry VIII | In 1519 | granted a market on Saturdays and an annual fair to be held on March 12, w ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... have the magic touch, staging a disappointing revival of Twelfth Night with | and Vivien Leigh in 1955 and a disastrous production of Macbeth with Ralph ... |
| George IV | ... e of Wellington, Richard Chamberlain as Byron, and Ralph Richardson as King | . The film is also notable because it is the last film in which Michael Wi ... |
| Richard Duke of Gloucester | ... te by an Act of Parliament of 1483 known as Titulus Regius, and their uncle | was crowned as Richard III. There are reports of the two princes being see ... |
| Henry IV | ... ttacked unsuccessfully by the Protestants in 1568, and was taken in 1591 by | , who was crowned there three years afterwards |
| Fulke Greville | ... es Elroy Flecker – Thomas Ford – Roy Fuller – Robert Graves – Thomas Gray – | – Heath – Reginald Heber – Felicia Dorothea Hemans – W. E. Henley – George ... |
| Godfrey of Bouillon | ... os successfully defended the walls of Constantinople against the attacks of | during the First Crusade (1097); conducted the peace negotiations between ... |
| Ferdinand II | ... tion was therefore to support the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburg | |
| Henry III | ... eigneurs of the nobility and the contending factions in the great communes. | yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's adminis ... |
| King Philip II's | ... y, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of | illegitimate half brother, John of Austria) that defeated the Ottoman flee ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... s traveled abroad, visiting Europe and meeting working philosophers such as | and members of the Vienna Circle like Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, and Mor ... |
| Earl of Euston | ... granduncle); Princess Alexandra of Kent (his 1st cousin once removed); the | ; the Lord Elphinstone (his 1st cousin once removed); and Mrs Harold Phill ... |
| Henry III | ... death in 1216. She had five children by the king including his heir, later | . In 1220, Isabella married Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, by who ... |
| Henry II | ... ddle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by | , a new charter was granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A high stone wall was bu ... |
| Edward III | ... Tower and release the prisoners held there. For three years he ruled while | was too young to do so himself; in 1330, Edward and his supporters capture ... |
| Stanisław Leszczyński | ... f the Poland between Augustus of Saxony, the previous King's elder son, and | . Austria supported the former, France the latter; thus, a war broke out. ... |
| Lord North | ... ere unsuccessful because King George III and the ministry of Prime Minister | were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy. ... |
| Thatcher | ... the system has been through phases of evolutionary change. The Conservative | administrations attempted to bring competition into the NHS by developing ... |
| King Charles VII | ... ntil 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne. | ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symb ... |
| George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham | Image:2ndDukeOfBuckingham.jpg| | (1628-1687) |
| John of Lancaster | ... Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, at Greenwich in the 1430s, as well by his son, | at Fulbrook. The Pleasance was eventually dismantled by Henry VIII and par ... |
| Widukind | ... , grew up in the abbey of Herford; she was a descendant of the Saxon leader | . In Herford she met Henry the Fowler, who later became king of Germany |
| Henry VI | ... it is an honorary title and a royal style. The Dukedom became extinct after | , as the original charter restricted it to 'heirs male'. Despite this, app ... |
| Edward VII | ... ice hockey to Europe, beating a court team (which included both the future | and George V) at Buckingham Palace in 1895. By 1903 a five-team league had ... |
| Gaston, Duke of Orléans | On two occasions the King's younger brother, | had to leave France for conspiring against the King's government, and for ... |
| Saigō Takamori | ... tation from the Satsuma province, with leaders such as Ōkubo Toshimichi and | taking up key government positions |
| Lord Elgin | ... s during the Rebellions of 1837-1838 in Lower-Canada. The Governor General, | , had serious misgivings about the bill but nonetheless assented to it des ... |
| Maximilian I | ... visited Charles of Burgundy, acting as intermediary between him and emperor | . He stayed in Burgundy for several months, moving to the Netherlands in t ... |
| Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh | Image:1stLordClifford.jpg| | (1630-1673) |
| John | ... 1188 – 31 May 1246) was queen consort of England as the second wife of King | from 1200 until John's death in 1216. She had five children by the king in ... |
| Christian III | ... The next year, following his victory in the Count's War, he became king as | and continued the reformation of the state church with assistance of Johan ... |
| Lord Godolphin | ... in her over to her own preferred political party. In 1704, Anne confided to | that she did not think that she and Sarah could ever be true friends again |
| Louis X of France | ... 1309 to her son, Louis, king of Navarre and count of Champagne, the future | |
| Lloyd George | The three principal players at Versailles were Britain's | , France's Clemenceau and America's President Wilson |
| Laurence Olivier | ... chose to ‘blacken up’ include Ralph Richardson (1937), John Gielgud (1961), | (1964), Anthony Hopkins (1981) and Orson Welles. Ground-breaking black Ame ... |
| Frederick I | Under the reign of | (1523–33), Denmark remained officially Roman Catholic. But though Frederic ... |
| James I of England | ... piritual matters. The theory came to the fore in England under the reign of | (1603–1625, also James VI of Scotland 1567–1625). Louis XIV of France (164 ... |
| Edward | ... ascony, pursuing a policy of conciliation; he arranged the marriage between | , his 14 year old son, and Eleanor of Castile, daughter of Alfonso X. Alfo ... |
| Lord Byron | ... y carefully analyzed the whole" of the latter text. D'Israeli also mentions | 's (1788–1824) praise for Piers Plowman |
| Ermengol IV of Urgell | ... em (Runciman, 1947). Andorra was ceded to the bishop of Urgell by the count | in the twelfth century. There is still a bishop of Urgell, who since 2003 ... |
| Lord Ashcombe | ... to the 84-year old mayor, Mr. R.M. Chart, by the Lord Lieutenant of Surrey, | |
| family of Orléans | ... r the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the | |
| Mac Mahon | ... iment of Zouaves, were part of the Second Brigade of the Second Division of | 's Corps. The Foreign Legion acquitted itself particularly well against th ... |
| Allenby's | ... that a breakthrough was imminent. On 29 September he had outlined plans for | Third Army to rejoin the battle in the north around Gommecourt and for the ... |
| Henry III | ... ant political services to his relative Conrad II, and afterwards to Emperor | . He became widely known as an earnest and reforming ecclesiastic by the z ... |
| Frederick I Barbarossa | The Hohenstaufen Emperor | created a Reichsvogtei (roughly "Imperial Bailiwick"), and in 1180 put Wet ... |
| John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale | Image:John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale by Jacob Huysmans.jpg| | (1616-1682) |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... nt, and for attempting to undermine the influence of both his mother and of | . After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flander ... |
| Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales | The third creation was on 10 November 1399, for | , eldest son of the new king. In 1413, the 1st Duke ascended the throne as ... |
| Conrad II | ... mily was of noble rank, and his father, Count Hugh, was a cousin of Emperor | (1024–1039). He was educated at Toul, where he successively became canon a ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ongside population growth, inflation was a major reason for enclosure. When | became King in 1509, the royal finances were in good shape thanks to the p ... |
| Charles of Burgundy | ... which would be created in 1478 or 1479. In the autumn same year he visited | , acting as intermediary between him and emperor Maximilian I. He stayed i ... |
| Philip II of France | ... pture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, Henry II of England and | ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade (although Henry ... |
| Jeff Rooker | While in opposition, he co-ordinated tactics with government backbenchers | and Audrey Wise to secure legislation providing for the automatic indexati ... |
| Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel | ... d as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, the present one of which is | . The style Lord Maltravers is used as a courtesy title by the eldest son ... |
| Charles Boyle | ... ject of academic controversy. The Christ Church College editor of Phalaris, | , resented Bentley's paper. He had already quarreled with Bentley in tryin ... |
| Lord Wriothesley | ... rotestant officials such as Stephen Gardiner (the Bishop of Winchester) and | (the Lord Chancellor), who tried to turn the king against her in 1546. An ... |
| J. Pierpont Morgan | ... Dickens collector, Stuart M. Samuel for £300. Finally, it was purchased by | for an undisclosed sum. It is now held by the Pierpont Morgan Library, New ... |
| Henry the Fowler | ... ford; she was a descendant of the Saxon leader Widukind. In Herford she met | , who later became king of Germany |
| Charles the Bold | ... oyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of | |
| Manfred von Richthofen | ... both sides. The Red Baron of the title is the historical ace fighter pilot | , who in this altered history leads a squadron of monstrous flying vampire ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... ieval period Roger of Wendover was, as the name suggests, from Wendover and | also owned property in the same town. It is said that King Henry VIII made ... |
| Charles V | ... n Alsace, east of Lorraine. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Duke | to flee to a Viennese exile, where he formed strong ties to the Imperial H ... |
| Lord Cunliffe | ... lace was taken by the Heavenly Twins – the judge Lord Sumner and the banker | whose nickname derived from the "astronomically" high war compensation the ... |
| James II of Scotland | ... mer Throw and Caber Toss in 1440. His temper while playing golf resulted in | outlawing the sport |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... on of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young | was a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cre ... |
| Charles I | In 1649, the English Civil War raged and King | was beheaded in Whitehall, London. The execution resulted in the outbreak ... |
| Frederick III | ... Ribe 5 March 1460 (Treaty of Ribe). In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor | elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein to Duke of Holstein, thus becomi ... |
| Ferdinand I of Aragon | ... 3, after the revolt of the last count, James II of Urgell, against the king | |
| Marquis de Sade | ... r of Crash). The word "sadistic" is derived from the cruel sexual practices | described in his novels. Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle was the container of ... |
| Henry IV | In order to continue the exploration efforts of his predecessor | , Louis XIII considered a colonial venture in Morocco, and sent a fleet un ... |
| Ferdinand I of Aragon | ... Ferdinand of Antequera, who after the Compromise of Caspe (1412), was named | |
| Henry VI | ... hey did not secure their independence nor become "abbeys" till the reign of | . The Cluniac revival, with all its brilliancy, was but short-lived. The c ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... ing with the astonishing battlefield victories of the Swiss cantons against | of Burgundy in the Burgundian Wars, in which the Swiss participated in 147 ... |
| Edward VI | ... tion (and therefore enclosures) until the Duke of Somerset was Protector of | . Until then enclosures were seen as the cause of inflation, not the outco ... |
| King John | ... June 1202, by which time she was already queen of England. Her marriage to | took place on 24 August 1200, at Bordeaux, a year after he annulled his fi ... |
| George II | ... nglish merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, | ) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was confined to t ... |
| Charles Spencer | ... or political disagreement occurred when Sarah insisted that her son-in-law, | , the third Earl of Sunderland, be admitted into the Privy Council. Sarah ... |
| Maximilian I | ... it is no coincidence either that the reign of his nationalistic predecessor | saw the beginning of the movement. While the centralized states of western ... |
| Roger de Beaumont | ... wer may have been part of the original design. Clinton was a local rival to | , the Earl of Warwick and owner of the neighbouring Warwick Castle, and th ... |
| Duchy of Parma | ... the Kingdom of Naples to Don Carlos of Spain, in exchange for the minuscule | |
| The Prince of Wales | ... was made a Knight Bachelor for services to music, as Sir Michael Jagger by | . Mick Jagger's knighthood received mixed reactions. Some fans were disapp ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... dy of Superman. Bell also claims to be the first cartoonist to have spotted | 's mad left eye, as well as the fact that Tony Blair shares this unusual f ... |
| Edward III | ... rative, than poundage and tonnage before it. Under statutes of Edward I and | , collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only ... |
| Charles Beauclerk, 2nd Duke of St Albans | ... 2 February 1761, Lady Diana Beauclerk (c. 1735-28 March 1766), daughter of | . His wife died in childbirth, the child stillborn. He married secondly, o ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ce. Be that as it may, there has been an inn on the site since the reign of | , and it is certainly one of the most famous public houses in London. It i ... |
| King George V | ... ucted, these were built 1906-14 to the design by J.J. Burnet, and opened by | and Queen Mary in 1914. They now house the Museum's collections of Prints ... |
| Rudolph I | ... ad already died, in Italy in 1250) came to Wetzlar. When the rightful king, | heard of this and came to Wetzlar, the city leaders seized Tile Kolup and ... |
| Lord Durham | ... neau in 1837, and the Upper Canada Rebellion led by William Lyon Mackenzie, | was appointed governor general of British North America and had the task o ... |
| Henry II of England | ... stian states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, | and Philip II of France ended their conflict with each other to lead a new ... |
| Lord Minto | ... f the Malay language as well as his wit and ability, gained him favour with | , Governor-General of India, and he was sent to Malacca. Then, in 1811, af ... |
| Henry I | The death in 1135 of | left England with a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded h ... |
| William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham | ... was officially named the county seat. Although Chatham County is named for | , Pittsboro is named for his son, William Pitt the Younger |
| Bertrand Russell | ... porates a now-familiar idea, the notion of a 'convergent infinite series.'" | offered a "solution" to the paradoxes based on modern physics, but Brown c ... |
| Joseph Fourier | ... ers. Seven years later this tradition was broken when she made friends with | , a secretary of the Academy, who obtained tickets to the sessions for her |
| Charles II | ... seventeenth century Guildhall, built shortly after the restoration of King | , is supported by columns, to provide an open ground floor for the butter ... |
| Henry VII | ... the royal finances were in good shape thanks to the prudence of his father | . But this soon changed as Henry VIII doubled household expenditure and st ... |
| Lord Sumner | ... erning reparations. Their place was taken by the Heavenly Twins – the judge | and the banker Lord Cunliffe whose nickname derived from the "astronomical ... |
| Prince Louis of Battenberg | ... itles were dropped in 1917. He was the youngest child and the second son of | and his wife Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. His maternal grandpa ... |
| Lord Teverson | ... h seeks to equalise the size of constituencies. An amendment to the bill by | that would have ensured that "all parts of Cornwall and the Isles of Scill ... |
| Edward I | ... ular, and lucrative, than poundage and tonnage before it. Under statutes of | and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorised only during w ... |
| Prince Edward | ... till alive. Catherine retired from court after the crowning of her step-son | on 31 January 1547, to her home at Old Manor in Chelsea |
| Charles IV | In 1325, the land was confiscated by | when Edward II of England, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine, failed to ... |
| Duke of Somerset | ... e was not seen as a cause of inflation (and therefore enclosures) until the | was Protector of Edward VI. Until then enclosures were seen as the cause o ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... governments, both Labour and Conservative. This included the governments of | , Edward Heath, Harold Wilson's second term and James Callaghan. The proje ... |
| Ōkubo Toshimichi | ... had a strong representation from the Satsuma province, with leaders such as | and Saigō Takamori taking up key government positions |
| George V | ... Europe, beating a court team (which included both the future Edward VII and | ) at Buckingham Palace in 1895. By 1903 a five-team league had been founde ... |
| Norman Foster | ... cuted), it has been added to over subsequent decades by major names such as | and Rick Mather |
| Charles V | Though | fought the Reformation, it is no coincidence either that the reign of his ... |
| James Stillman | ... ockefeller married Elsie Stillman, daughter of National City Bank president | , and they were the parents of James Stillman Rockefeller |
| John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster | ... hn I married in Porto on 2 February 1387 Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of | and Blanche of Lancaster. From that marriage were born several famous prin ... |
| Leopold III, Duke of Austria | The Battle of Sempach in 1386, in which | was defeated by the Old Swiss Confederacy had important repercussions on T ... |
| King Charles I | ... in earnest during the 1630s by the various investors who had contracts with | to do so. The leader of one of these syndicates was the Earl of Bedford, w ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... nfederation's power and wealth increased significantly, with victories over | of Burgundy during the 1470s and the success of Swiss mercenaries |
| Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk | ... own to the right) was granted as an Augmentation of Honour by Henry VIII to | to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Flodden Field. It is a modific ... |
| Eddy Merckx | ... out that a recent article in Sports Illustrated magazine had declared that | , the great Belgian cyclist, had the highest recorded "oxygen uptake" of a ... |
| George V | In 1911, the house underwent a large extension for the visit of King | and Queen Mary. With the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the off ... |
| King Henry VII | ... 1505 when it was endowed and expanded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of | |
| Thomas Wentworth | By this stage | , created Earl of Strafford and elevated to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in ... |
| Philip II Augustus of France | ... nsept, choir, and the lowest section of the lantern tower. On 24 June 1204, | entered Rouen and annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. The fall of Roue ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... red a Soviet mural of Lenin and images of Reagan and then-UK Prime Minister | . The sleeve notes, attributed to ZTT's Paul Morley, dispassionately repor ... |
| Guidobaldo II della Rovere | ... d (May, 1556). Those who escaped the Inquisition were received at Pesaro by | , Duke of Urbino. Guidobaldo had hoped to have the Jews and conversos of T ... |
| Philip III of Spain | On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria, daughter of | . This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political a ... |
| Edward Grey | ... Persia to German trade and technology. The ministers Alexander Izvolsky and | agreed to resolve their long-standing conflicts in Asia in order to make a ... |
| Henry VII | ... usation against Richard III on the matter. The Bill of Attainder brought by | made no definitive mention of the Princes in the Tower, though author and ... |
| Marie-Louise | ... impregnable lines of Torres Vedras) and to besieged Cadiz. Napoleon married | , an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance ... |
| Charles III of Spain | ... s father considered other possibilities (such as marrying her to the future | ) before announcing the engagement of the couple. France demanded that Mar ... |
| Alfonso II of Aragon | ... ueen of Aragon, and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, produced a son, | who inherited all their respective territories creating the Crown of Arago ... |
| Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg | ... and the elevation of several members of the gentry to peers of the Empire. | was declared full age ahead of time in 1744. Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prin ... |
| Robert May | ... s. The map was popularized in a seminal 1976 paper by the English biologist | , in part as a discrete-time demographic model analogous to the logistic e ... |
| Counts of Holland | ... an artificial hill located near the current Rijksstraatweg, where once the | where inaugurated. According to tradition, the Huldtoneel was used before ... |
| Maximilian | ... urgundy to give up his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son | . With the inheritance of Burgundy, the House of Habsburg began to rise to ... |
| Stephen of Blois | ... swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a few days after Henry's death | arrived from France to lay claim to the throne. The importance of the city ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... e and John Gielgud and A Bridge Too Far (1977) co-starring Dirk Bogarde and | |
| James I of Aragon | ... by Sancho II of Portugal, Alfonso IX of León, Ferdinand III of Castile and | . The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian reconquista ... |
| Edward I | ... d. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and | brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. New ... |
| The Duke of Edinburgh | ... Palace on 19 February 1960, the third child and second son of The Queen and | , and third grandchild of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Baptised in th ... |
| King George V | ... s of the Manor. In the 20th century the hall hosted the Duke of York, later | , with the Duchess of York, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (the Queen Mother) and a ... |
| Joseph II | ... l ("national Singspiel"), a pet project (1778–1783) of the Austrian emperor | . The Emperor had set up the company to perform works in the German langua ... |
| Philip II of Spain | ... and Spain with Royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of | with the French Princess, Elisabeth of Valois. The marriage was only brief ... |
| Thomas Cromwell | ... nry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under | , the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effe ... |
| Frederick | On his death his titles passed to his brother | |
| Harold Macmillan | ... oncorde, with the French spelling, but was officially changed to Concord by | in response to a perceived slight by Charles de Gaulle. In 1967, at the Fr ... |
| Henry VIII | ... the Succession", barred both Elizabeth and Mary, the remaining children of | , from the throne, in favour of Lady Jane Grey.) Cecil resisted for a whil ... |
| Simon de Montfort | ... ere opposed to attacking Zara, and some, including a force led by the elder | , refused to participate altogether and returned home. While the Papal leg ... |
| James II of Urgell | ... bed by the County of Barcelona in 1413, after the revolt of the last count, | , against the king Ferdinand I of Aragon |
| Lord Lindsey | ... ord Levels together formed the biggest scheme, they were not the only ones. | and his partner Sir William Killigrew had the Lindsey Level inhabited by f ... |
| Zwentibold | ... ent himself with a rump state. In 895 Arnulf appointed his illegitimate son | King of Lotharingia. He ruled independently until he was overthrown and ki ... |
| Francis I | ... 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by | . After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... ties of Roussillon and Cerdanya, which it had occupied during the conflict. | ("Ferdinand the Catholic") finally resolved the major grievances of the re ... |
| B. V. Bowden | The appointment of | (later Lord Bowden) in 1953 marked the beginning of a phase of expansion. ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... gue, which was built specially for the Court in 1913 with an endowment from | . From 1922 on, the building also housed the distinctly separate Permanent ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... 1957, a second summit conference was held; this time British Prime Minister | arrived earlier than President Eisenhower, to make it clear that they were ... |
| Richard III | ... idence is ambiguous, and has led people to various conflicting conclusions. | had eliminated the princes from the succession. However, his hold on the m ... |
| Godolphin | ... ful intimacy with the two most powerful men in the country, Marlborough and | . Godolphin, though a great friend of Sarah's, had even considered refusin ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... brésis to the states of Burgundy was made impossible by the sudden death of | in 1477. Louis XI immediately seized the opportunity to take control of Ca ... |
| Lord Charles Townshend | ... nd, to settle here. Some were veterans of the Revolution of 1688. Named for | , this settlement survived and was incorporated November 3, 1764. It was r ... |
| The Duke of Gloucester | ... en Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, the Prince's godparents were: | (his maternal granduncle); Princess Alexandra of Kent (his 1st cousin once ... |
| Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | ... hroughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape. In 1322 | , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Towe ... |
| Sir William Cecil | ... the north of Peterborough, near Stamford, was built and mostly designed by | , later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth ... |
| Henry the Fowler | ... t elect a replacement until 925, when under Gilbert's leadership they chose | , the East Frankish king. In 930 Gilbert's decision was rewarded and he re ... |
| Richard I of England | ... er own library. A deep affection existed between Marie and her half-brother | , and his celebrated poem J'a nuns hons pris, lamenting his captivity in A ... |
| Jeffrey Archer | ... n Time editions (13 as of September 2010). In one he made an open attack on | , who had been imprisoned for perjury, when his wife, Mary Archer, was a f ... |
| Nicolas Oudinot | ... August. However, in the same days, a part of the French Army led by Marshal | was stopped in the Battle of Polotsk by the right wing of the Russian Army ... |
| King George II | Created by Royal Charter of | , "Reading" Township was formed July 15, 1730 from portions of Amwell Town ... |
| Charles V | ... e was eagerly solicited by the partisans of Charles (afterwards the emperor | ) and by those of Francis I, King of France, and he appears to have receiv ... |
| King Frederick VI | ... he recently established University of Berlin. It was originally named after | of Denmark and Norway and received its current name in 1939. After the dis ... |
| Edward I of England | ... e battlefields of France and Scotland. Their skill was exercised under King | (r. 1272–1307), who banned all sports but archery at the butts on Sundays, ... |
| James II | ... Barcelona (as Alfonso III) from 1327 to his death. He was the second son of | and Blanche of Anjou. His reign saw the incorporation of the County of Urg ... |
| Peter III of Russia | ... 761), Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, succeeded to the throne as | , and Catherine became Empress Consort of Russia. The imperial couple move ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... ns and paper, with which Gramsci would write his Prison Notebooks), brought | to prudently invite Sraffa to the University of Cambridge, where he was in ... |
| George III | ... ter of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when | abandoned his formal claim to the French throne |
| John Dudley | ... s one of the few parts of the castle to remain intact. The stables built by | in the 1550s also survive and lie along the east side of the base court. T ... |
| Emperor Ferdinand I | ... d of Austria, then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later | |
| Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton | On the death of | , whose administration he had attacked, his great ambition, the treasurers ... |
| Gebhard | ... e, most likely referring to wooden defences around the town). The Conradine | , Count in the Wetterau, and as of 904 Duke of Lorraine, had a Church of t ... |
| Henry VIII | ... he separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under | , beginning in 1529 and completed in 1537, brought England alongside this ... |
| Henry III of Bar | ... France remained relatively stable throughout the Middle Ages. In 1301 Count | had to receive the western part of his lands (Barrois mouvant) as a fief b ... |
| Francis I | ... the partisans of Charles (afterwards the emperor Charles V) and by those of | , King of France, and he appears to have received a large amount of money ... |
| Lord Stanley of Preston | In 1888, the new Governor General of Canada, | , whose sons and daughter had become hockey enthusiasts, attended the Mont ... |
| John the Fearless | ... arts by Burgundy's possessions and John of Burgundy, an illegitimate son of | , was made bishop. However what looked like an impending annexation of Cam ... |
| Charles II | ... ng it unlikely that the skeletons belonged to the princes. On the orders of | the remains were reburied in Westminster Abbey. In 1933, the grave was ope ... |
| Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette | ... nch-speaking Acadian named Jean Mouton. In 1884, it was renamed for General | , a French military hero who fought with and significantly aided the Ameri ... |
| Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin | In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee, under | and Kincardine, presented lands to the National Trust for Scotland. Furthe ... |
| William II of the Netherlands | ... he Anna Paulownapolder, which was laid dry in 1846 during the reign of King | and in turn named after his wife, Queen Anna Pavlovna of Russia |
| Charles I | ... l Assemblies, moreover, met only at times and places approved by the crown. | inherited a settlement in Scotland based on a balanced compromise between ... |
| Stanisław Leszczyński | ... a Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate | , the deposed King of Poland. Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis to ... |
| Henry VIII of England | ... d was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The abbey was dissolved by King | in 1536 and sold to Sir Rice Mansel. At this time, only 12 monks were livi ... |
| Charles V | ... to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, then a governor on behalf of his brother | , and later Emperor Ferdinand I |
| John Buchan | ... itics, being favourably compared to contemporary version of both Sapper and | . Goldfinger was serialised as a daily story and as a comic strip in the D ... |
| Leofric, Earl of Mercia | ... seback in protest at high taxes being levied on the cityfolk by her husband | |
| Archduke Charles | ... — Napoleon's first significant tactical defeat. But the Austrian commander, | , failed to follow up on his indecisive victory, allowing Napoleon to prep ... |
| Edward VI | ... Lord Protector during the early years of the reign of his nephew, the young | . Cecil accompanied Somerset on his Pinkie campaign of 1547 (part of the " ... |
| Anne Boleyn | Howard was the great-grandfather of | and Catherine Howard, the second and fifth Queens consort, respectively, o ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | Finchley was from 1959 to 1992 the Parliamentary constituency of | , British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. Finchley is now covered by the ... |
| Emperor Frederick II | # Isabella (1214–1241), the wife of | , by whom she had issue |
| Archduke Ferdinand of Austria | ... ted by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to | , then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later Emperor Fe ... |
| Duke of Somerset | William Cecil's early career was spent in the service of the | (a brother of the late queen, Jane Seymour), who was Lord Protector during ... |
| Geoffrey de Mandeville | ... was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a post held at this time by | . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically i ... |
| Antwerp | The same year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship held at | , Belgium, with the score of 14/16. Spassky competed for the Lokomotiv Vol ... |
| Louis Philippe | The French Foreign Legion was created by | , the King of the French, on 10 March 1831. The direct reason was that for ... |
| Charles II | Fuller's last promotion was that of Chaplain Extraordinary to | . In the summer of 1661 he visited the West in connexion with the business ... |
| Duke Leopold | Richard was arrested and imprisoned in December 1192 by | , who suspected him of murdering his cousin Conrad of Montferrat, and had ... |
| Grand Duke Paul | ... ntative plans were made to perform it at the September visit of the Russian | (son of Catherine the Great and heir to the Russian throne). However, it w ... |
| Duke of Valentinois | ... ign the cardinalate. On the same day the French King Louis XII named Cesare | , and this title, along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia, ... |
| Peter III of Aragon | ... ulture expanded into the islands of the Western Mediterranean. The reign of | ("the Great") included the conquest of Sicily and the successful defense a ... |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson | ... ham, and he contributed two illustrations to Edward Moxon's 1857 edition of | 's Poems as well as illustrations for works by his sister Christina Rosset ... |
| Sir Arthur Wellesley | ... sence the French situation in Spain deteriorated, and then became dire when | arrived to take charge of British-Portuguese forces |
| The Prince of Wales | ... of succession. The present Counsellors of State are: The Duke of Edinburgh, | , The Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry of Wales and The Duke of York |
| Antwerp | ... ories, and a replay on a neutral ground took place. The match was played in | , Belgium and 30,000 Feijenoord fans travelled by bus to see their team pl ... |
| Edward I of England | ... ather Eric who raised the question again. Eric sent official ambassadors to | , then in Gascony, in May 1289, with papers referring to Margaret as "Quee ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... time, homosexual relations among the members were for a time common", wrote | . One of Keynes's greatest loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met ... |
| Prince George | ... nt at Abigail’s secret wedding to Samuel Masham, groom of the bedchamber to | , in 1707, without Sarah’s knowledge |
| Lord Cambridge | ... her niece, Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, the daughter of her brother, | . Her personal belongings were transported from London in seventy pieces o ... |
| the Duke of Marlborough | In July 1708, | , with his ally Prince Eugene of Savoy, won a great victory at the Battle ... |
| Henry II | ... bey and ordered her immediately moved inside. She was finally placed beside | and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Afterwards, most of her many Lusignan children, ... |
| Odo of Bayeux | ... cts with the Danes and the devastation north of the River Tyne inflicted by | after the 1080 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but dest ... |
| Emperor Joseph II | ... 1787, Clerfayt, as a Walloon by birth, came under great pressure to abandon | . But he resisted all overtures, and in the following year went to fight i ... |
| Prince Louis of Battenberg | ... 959 he was the First Sea Lord, a position that had been held by his father, | , some forty years earlier. Thereafter he served as Chief of the Defence S ... |
| Berthier | ... ved a number of initial victories against the thinly spread army of Marshal | . Napoleon had left Berthier with only 170,000 men to defend France's enti ... |
| Salvador Dalí | ... 5), which explored psychoanalysis and featured a dream sequence designed by | . Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of ... |
| Maximilian I | ... s II was married to Mary of Habsburg, a Habsburg princess, granddaughter of | , as stipulated by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne w ... |
| William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire | ... s largely re-built in the Gothic style during the mid-nineteenth century by | |
| Hugh Dalton | ... arpenden and the London School of Economics. His tutors at the LSE included | and Stephen Leacock. Horne was dissatisfied there, and through the generos ... |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | ... oligarchies, in part through miscegenation with the local elites. In 1532, | imposed a vice-king to Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, in order to prevent Cor ... |
| The Duke of York | ... urgh, The Prince of Wales, The Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry of Wales and | |
| Philip IV | ... he Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, which under the Catholic King | had sent forces to help occupy the Palatinate |
| Edward III | ... he became dissatisfied with Richard's treatment of him. As a descendant of | , through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Thomas of Woodstock, 1s ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, leaned heavily on his Prime Minister | , to govern the Kingdom. They are remembered for the establishment of the ... |
| Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | ... 27 August 1979), was a British statesman and naval officer, and an uncle of | (the husband of Elizabeth II). He was the last Viceroy of India (1947) and ... |
| King Charles II | In 1670 | granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas, who rented ... |
| Baron Harkonnen | ... urned from Caladan with questionable intentions. The ego-memory of the evil | , Jessica's secret father, seduces Alia from within, promising his help in ... |
| William Howe | ... hey were preparing for a September 16, 1777, encounter with British General | . The Continental Army also camped near White Horse Inn on Swedesford Road ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... treet is the Category B listed handloom weavers' cottage, the birthplace of | which dates from the early 18th century. An adjacent memorial hall was add ... |
| Edward Lord Montagu | ... ughton House in his native county, where he and his son were entertained by | , who had been one of his contemporaries at the university and had taken t ... |
| Friedrich Barbarossa | ... ecords dating to as early as 854. The city was declared an Imperial City by | in 1181 |
| Francis II | ... ch, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced son | a month later |
| Samuel Masham | ... s to her flattery and charm. She was present at Abigail’s secret wedding to | , groom of the bedchamber to Prince George, in 1707, without Sarah’s knowl ... |
| Henry Tudor | ... rd's rival claimants; alternatively, he could have been acting on behalf of | (later to become King Henry VII). On the other hand, if Buckingham were gu ... |
| Philip V of Spain | ... to defend from foreign aggression than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised | 's son, Don Carlos, as the heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of T ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... d the Last, a short play, was adapted as 21 Days, starring Vivien Leigh and | |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... ry was the first in the world to be funded via donations by philanthropist, | . A total of 2,811 free public libraries were eventually built altogether. ... |
| Maximilian I | ... hemia. Upon his father's death Louis had been adopted by Holy Roman Emperor | in 1515. When Maximilian I died in 1519, Louis was raised by his legal gua ... |
| Ferdinand II | ... , had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor | . Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles ... |
| Henry I, Count of Champagne | In 1164, Marie married | . They had four children |
| Archduke Charles' | After | Austrian army was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram, the Armist ... |
| Henry III of England | ... . His family appears to have been well-off, but, during the stormy reign of | , their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driv ... |
| Charles V | ... e Spanish governors began importing enslaved Africans as laborers. In 1517, | authorized the draft of slaves. The Taíno people became virtually, but not ... |
| King Louis IX | In the reign of | (St. Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, w ... |
| Carinthia | ... he Habsburg family, the ruler of Inner Austria, i.e. the duchies of Styria, | and Carniola, and of Ernest's wife Cymburgis of Masovia. He became duke of ... |
| Marie Louise | ... 1835, Paganini returned to Parma, this time under the employ of Archduchess | of Austria, Napoleon's second wife. He was in charge of reorganizing her c ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... h were opened on 28 June 1929. The gates which were named after the wife of | lead up a to a bronze statue of Andrew Carnegie which was unveiled in 1914 ... |
| Richard II | When | was crowned in 1377, he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abb ... |
| Boss Hogg | ... boys and their cousin Daisy in an automobile race around the world against | , Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane, and Rosco's dog Flash in a duel for the prize ... |
| John | ... justiciar was in February 1194, when he presided over a feudal judgement of | , Richard's younger brother. After Richard's release from captivity, John, ... |
| Robert Curthose | ... mans, Monkchester was all but destroyed. Because of its strategic position, | , son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden there in the year 1080 an ... |
| first Earl of Lytton | ... amed "Giles Lytton" after an early sixteenth-century Gyles Strachey and the | , who had been a friend of Richard Strachey's when he was Viceroy of India ... |
| Henry IV of France | Born at the Château de Fontainebleau, Louis XIII was the oldest child of | (1553–1610) and Marie de' Medici (1575–1642). As son of the King, he was a ... |
| Adolphus Frederick | ... Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He had however to cope with the demands of his uncle | , husband of Mary of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, the daughter of predeceased Duke ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... ve been made by composers from a classical, music-school background such as | or Percy Grainger |
| Charles VII | ... pported the duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's royal enemy. The king of France | recaptured the town in 1449, 18 years after the death of Joan of Arc and a ... |
| Robert Fitzwalter | ... response moved against him. In 1214, while the king was at Windsor Castle, | led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower. Although under-garris ... |
| Edward II of England | ... ition since Edward and Eric could arrange Margaret's marriage to the future | , or some other if they chose, without reference to the Guardians. Accordi ... |
| Richard | ... after the King's father, Henry II. He was quickly followed by another son, | , and three daughters, Joan, Isabel, and Eleanor. All five children surviv ... |
| Albert of Mecklenburg's | ... arms of Sweden in 1442. The national coat of arms is a combination of King | coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus Birgersson's coat of arms of 1275, an ... |
| Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... his father Charles Albert aspired to an even higher rank. As son-in-law of | , Charles Albert rejected the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and claimed the G ... |
| Frederick of Swabia | ... e were further outbreaks of dysentery and fever, which claimed the lives of | , Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem, and Theobald V of Blois. When the sail ... |
| James I | ... he remains of Queen Mary were later removed to Westminster Abbey by her son | when he became King of England |
| Ruth Rendell | ... and met with mixed reviews from a variety of high-profile critics. Novelist | , writing in the Sunday Times, declared it "...impossible to tell where Do ... |
| Alphonse | ... d to the French court to swear fealty to King Louis IX of France's brother, | , who had been invested as Count of Poitou, their mother, the Queen Dowage ... |
| James I | ... nts and proclaiming Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hanover (the great grandson of | through his mother Sophia of Hanover), King George I of Great Britain |
| King George V | Tolworth has a King George's Field in memorial to | , where Corinthian-Casuals F.C. (two semi-pro football teams that have sin ... |
| Maximilian I | ... an Emperor as Frederick III from 1452. In 1493, he was succeeded by his son | after ten years of joint rule |
| James VII and II | ... Abdication Act 1936. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was | , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... ere named after the wife of Andrew Carnegie lead up a to a bronze statue of | which was unveiled in 1914 to a crowd of 20,000 |
| John of England | ... and, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of England, Joan of England and | |
| Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor | ... or after 995. By this marriage, he became the brother-in-law of the future | . Giselle arrived at her husband's court accompanied by German knights |
| James Callaghan | ... governments of Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson's second term and | . The project was finally revealed by Margaret Thatcher's then defence min ... |
| William Cecil | ... Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland was Protector that his finance minister | took action on debasement to try to stop enclosure |
| Henry Bolingbroke | ... as in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual. When | returned from exile in 1399, Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower. He ... |
| Thomas | ... h acts of his life in marrying Mary Cheke. The only child of this marriage, | , the future Earl of Exeter, was born in May 1542, and in February 1543 Ce ... |
| Henry II | ... a gave birth to a son and heir who was named Henry after the King's father, | . He was quickly followed by another son, Richard, and three daughters, Jo ... |
| Richard I of England | ... am IX, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, | , Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of England, Joan of England and J ... |
| Lannes | ... Guard and Bernadotte's I Corps were held in reserve while the V Corps under | guarded the northern sector of the battlefield, where the new communicatio ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... Conservative. This included the governments of Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, | 's second term and James Callaghan. The project was finally revealed by Ma ... |
| Prince Louis of Battenberg | Shortly after Philip's birth, his maternal grandfather, | , died in London. Louis was a naturalised British citizen and, after long ... |
| Duchy of Brabant | ... hardt Jazz Festival - Di Rupo, Elio - Di Rupo I Government - Draining law - | - Duchy of Limburg - Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) - Dutch and Flemish Rena ... |
| Jeanne of Navarre | At the request of | , the queen, he began work on the Histoire de Saint Louis, which he comple ... |
| Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg | ... establish his rule in Luxembourg, which he regarded as his inheritance from | who had died over three centuries earlier. At the Congress of Vienna, the ... |
| Sir Thomas Seymour | ... d many years abroad on command of King Henry himself, Catherine's old love, | returned to court. Catherine, who still harbored feelings for Seymour, was ... |
| Duchy of Parma | ... aty also recognised Philip V of Spain's son, Don Carlos, as the heir to the | and Grand Duchy of Tuscany; Charles had prior endorsed the succession of t ... |
| Norman Foster | British architect | designed Tower Two, also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The building's dis ... |
| Richard the Lionheart | ... castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of | (1189–1199). The castle was extended under William Longchamp, Richard's Lo ... |
| Leopold Joseph | ... raine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Duke | continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville |
| Duke of Somerset | ... ne began having altercations with the Lord Protector, the King's uncle, the | and a rivalry developed between Catherine and his wife, her former lady-in ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... given time, just because it is not in motion in any instant of that time." | offered what is known as the "at-at theory of motion". It agrees that ther ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... eph Kerman described Tosca as a "shabby little shocker", while the composer | declared that he was "sickened by the cheapness and emptiness" of Puccini' ... |
| Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany | ... rs, Henry the Young King, Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, Richard I of England, | , Leonora of England, Joan of England and John of England |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | In 1543 Cambrai was conquered by | , and annexed to his already vast possessions. He had the medieval monaste ... |
| Ernest the Iron | Born in Innsbruck, he was the son of Duke | of the Leopoldinian line of the Habsburg family, the ruler of Inner Austri ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... o the Origin of the Money Pit, Penn Leary believed that English philosopher | used the pit to hide documents proving him to be the author of William Sha ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... rk which forms the western boundary of the town centre is a park, gifted by | in 1903. The park known locally as the Glen was created from the estate of ... |
| Jeanne of Navarre | | , wife of Philip IV of France (and granddaughter of Count Theobald IV), as ... |
| William I of the Netherlands | ... next became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830), and | founded a new university in 1816 in Leuven as a state university |
| the Duke of Edinburgh | ... were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953, which stated that | (the Queen's husband) could act as regent in these circumstances |
| Edward VII | ... s. The bridge was opened on 4 March 1890 by the Prince of Wales, later King | , who drove home the last rivet, which was gold plated and suitably inscri ... |
| Conrad II | In 1033, when | inherited the Kingdom of Arelat, Avignon passed to the Holy Roman Empire. ... |
| Charles I | ... f Arms Hotel. The hotel was built by Sir Thomas Morgan, during the reign of | . Cardiff Arms Park was named after this hotel. From 1803, the Cardiff Arm ... |
| Archduchess Maria Theresa | ... ion. The Lorraine duke Francis Stephen, betrothed to the Emperor's daughter | , was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where the last Medici r ... |
| Henry the Young King | ... he was also an older maternal half-sister to William IX, Count of Poitiers, | , Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of B ... |
| Louis IX | In 1241, he accompanied Theobald to the court of the king of France, | (the future Saint Louis). In 1244, when Louis organized the Seventh Crusad ... |
| King George III's | ... e of Fort Condé to Fort Charlotte, after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, | queen |
| Prince Charles | ... a sermon preached on 10 May 1644, at St Mary's, Oxford, before the king and | , called Jacob's Vow. The spirit of Fuller's preaching, characterized by c ... |
| 3rd Marquess of Bute | The | stipulated that the ground could only be used for "recreational purposes". ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | The | birthplace museum dedicated to his life and work is on the southern gatewa ... |
| Prince Louis | ... rons. John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to | , the eldest son of the French king. However, after John's death in Octobe ... |
| Marquis de Lafayette | ... he could save France alone, he refused to act with the Comte de Mirabeau or | . He caused the king's acceptance of the suspensive veto, by which he sacr ... |
| Henry the Navigator | ... uke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince | , the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of na ... |
| Henry V | ... pped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower. The reign of | (1413–1422) renewed England's fortune in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ... |
| John of Lancaster | ... ital city of English power in occupied France and when the duke of Bedford, | bought Joan of Arc from his ally, the duke of Burgundy who had been keepin ... |
| Konrad I of Masovia | Upon the invitation of Duke | , the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and ... |
| Philip's | ... saintliness. Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son | coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic us ... |
| Henry Tudor | ... reated to be spread in England as an excuse for the October 1483 attempt of | and Buckingham to seize the throne, making Henry and Buckingham other like ... |
| Henry III of France | ... er was the first Bourbon King of France, having succeeded his ninth cousin, | (1574–1589), in application of Salic law. Louis XIII's paternal grandparen ... |
| Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau | He has two younger brothers: | , born in 1968, and Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands, born in 1969. H ... |
| Prince John | ... rtook its expansion while preparing for war with Richard's younger brother, | , who in Richard's absence arrived in England to try to seize power. As Lo ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... lson's second term and James Callaghan. The project was finally revealed by | 's then defence minister Francis Pym. The reasons for revelation were both ... |
| Philip II of France | ... paternal half-sister to Marguerite of France, Alys, Countess of the Vexin, | and Agnes of France. She was also an older maternal half-sister to William ... |
| Comte de Mirabeau | ... sman. Believing that he could save France alone, he refused to act with the | or Marquis de Lafayette. He caused the king's acceptance of the suspensive ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... ared in late 1961 to represent the recent victory of British prime minister | 's Conservative Party in parliamentary elections. The American actress, wh ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... yed in the unpublished first draft sketches. It is most probably based upon | 's Skibo Castle, befitting the character of Scrooge McDuck as a loose cari ... |
| James Bryce | ... n T. Wegner, Hedvig Büll, Henry Morgenthau, Franz Werfel, Johannes Lepsius, | , Anatole France, Giacomo Gorrini, Benedict XV, Fritjof Nansen, Fayez el H ... |
| Francis Stephen | ... y Russia and Austria in the War of the Polish Succession. The Lorraine duke | , betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa, was compe ... |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber | ... The Normal Heart, a project she has worked on since the mid-1990s In 2009, | stated that Streisand was one of several actresses (alongside Meryl Streep ... |
| Earl of Marlborough | ... ed to restore the collection from a dilapidated condition. He persuaded the | to ask for additional rooms in the palace for the books. This was granted, ... |
| Lord Cobham | ... n was instituted as the rector of Radwinter in Essex, by the appointment of | , who owned the right, and to whom he was also household chaplain. The liv ... |
| John Julius Norwich | ... ad a daughter, Allegra Huston, as the result of an extramarital affair with | ; Huston treated the girl as one of his own children following Soma's deat ... |
| William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire | ... d heiress of the 4th Earl of Cork, Lady Charlotte Boyle (1731-1754) married | , a future Prime Minister of Great Britain & Ireland. Their son, the 5th D ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... line of thinking followed by the late Joanna Denny in her 2004 biography of | |
| Brunswick-Lüneburg | ... of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of | (later described as the Elector of Hanover). At the end of the Napoleonic ... |
| King Charles I | ... o discovers that she is Enrichetta (Henrietta Maria), widow of the executed | . Elvira appears singing a joyful polonaise ("Son vergin vezzosa"), but dr ... |
| Catherine de' Medici | ... rst, a simple velvet-covered hoop and plate of iron, was supposedly worn by | . The other—said to have been worn by Anna of Austria—is a hinged pair of ... |
| Louis VII | ... t was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and | started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their ru ... |
| Ludovico Sforza | ... XII invaded Italy in 1499: after Gian Giacomo Trivulzio had ousted its duke | , Cesare accompanied the king in his entrance in Milan |
| Henry VII | ... ted for himself, on Richard's orders, or in collusion with the Tudor party. | (Henry Tudor) following his accession, proceeded to find a legal excuse to ... |
| Leopold II of Belgium | ... r husband Albert, Prince Consort, Empress Carlota of Mexico and her brother | . These last two, Leopold and Carlota, were also first cousins of Ferdinan ... |
| John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford | ... irst as Souhegan East, then as Bedford in 1750. The town was named for Lord | , Secretary of State for the Southern Department (1748–1751), and a close ... |
| King George III | ... me a member of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776 he was appointed surgeon to | |
| James I | ... ied in 1406, regents had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son | , had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James ... |
| Boleyn's father | ... nry VIII made Aylesbury the county town in preference to Buckingham because | owned property there and was a regular visitor himself. Other medieval res ... |
| Catherine Sedley | ... lly, as his estates were deeply in debt. Sarah had a rival for Churchill in | , a wealthy mistress of James II and the choice of Churchill's father, Sir ... |
| Liudolf | ... e was Count Wichmann, mentioned as a Billung in 811. Oda, the wife of Count | , oldest known member of the Liudolfing House, was also a Billung |
| Henry | ... into a major fortress along the Anglo-Scottish border. His son, also called | (1299–1352), continued the building. The Abbot's Tower, the Middle Gateway ... |
| Charles I of England | Sir Owen's descendants include | and Oliver Cromwell; King Juan Carlos of Spain and Elizabeth II, the curre ... |
| Philip II | In 1561, King | made Madrid the capital of the empire. The surrounding territories became ... |
| Charles V | ... ng of Hungary and Bohemia. This link strengthened in 1546, when the emperor | obtained the help of the duke during the war of the league of Schmalkalden ... |
| Henry II | ... ley. His efficiency in those posts led to Theobald recommending him to King | for the vacant post of Lord Chancellor, to which Becket was appointed in J ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... dover and Anne Boleyn also owned property in the same town. It is said that | made Aylesbury the county town in preference to Buckingham because Boleyn' ... |
| James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos | ... ars he worked alongside Handel - in 1717/18 both men were employed there by | . (For more see Baker and Baker, ref. below |
| Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | ... hat, at the time of the charter, Governor Benning Wentworth was indebted to | for his appointment as governor. According to Worcester, it was "very much ... |
| Henry VI of England | After defeat at the Battle of Towton, | crossed the Solway in August 1461 to land at Kirkcudbright in support of Q ... |
| Count of Toulouse | ... inherited from his father all the rights of Alphonse de Poitiers (the last | ), made them over to Charles II, King of Naples and Count of Provence (129 ... |
| Peter II of Aragon | In 1213, forces led by King | , came to the aid of Toulouse. The force besieged Muret, but in September ... |
| Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, later King Henry II of England | ... ix, was awarded to their father, King Louis. Their mother, Eleanor, married | , and so left France. In 1160, when her father, King Louis, married Adele ... |
| Duke Magnus | The house became extinct when | died in 1106 without sons; the family's property was divided between his t ... |
| Francis I | ... f Dreux and of Rethel, governor of Champagne (d. 1524), who was employed by | in many diplomatic negotiations, more particularly in his intrigues to get ... |
| King Charles I | ... med by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of | , in 1634. The county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land u ... |
| Richard B. Mellon | In 1913, along with his brother, | , he established a memorial for his father, the Mellon Institute of Indust ... |
| Christian IV of Denmark | Eidsvoll Verk was opened to smelt iron ore by King | in 1624, relying on the excellent water power from the Andelva river. In 1 ... |
| Countess of Champagne | Marie of France, | (1145 – March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and ... |
| Philip V | ... the region was not solved despite the several attempts. During the reign of | , the intendencia was created as a policial and administrative division. N ... |
| Prince William | ... from William Congreve and John Arbuthnot. In 1727 he wrote for six year old | , later the Duke of Cumberland, Fifty-one Fables in Verse, for which he na ... |
| Francis I | Though he was not personally interested in religious reform, | (1515–47) initially maintained an attitude of tolerance, arising from his ... |
| Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor | ... omnenos between 1155–1158. In 1246, Bari was sacked and razed to the ground | ;and King of Sicily, repaired the fortress of Baris but it was subsequentl ... |
| Lew Grade | ... ial television in the 1950s, where it was broadcast on Sunday afternoons by | 's Associated TeleVision. This exposure gave Liberace a dedicated followin ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... , who then sold it to James Osborn, who then donated it to Yale University. | gave the first rediscovered performance of the Hamburg version in 1967, af ... |
| Henry IV | ... , who married Anthony de Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, and became the mother of | , king of France |
| Peter II of Aragon | ... erritory (the "Reconquista"); to the east, in 1213, the defeat and death of | ("Peter the Catholic") in the Battle of Muret put an end to the project of ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... e Nations at Leipzig in 1813 and at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 with the | |
| Ferdinand | ... of opposition to the Habsburgs until in 1534 he made a treaty at Linz with | , king of Hungary and Bohemia. This link strengthened in 1546, when the em ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... xter White, Secretary of the Treasury and Henry Morgenthau), but opposed by | , head of the British delegation. The disagreement led to Chase Bank repre ... |
| Lord Beaverbrook | On 15 May the Minister of Aircraft Production, | , ordered that resources should be concentrated on the production of five ... |
| Louis VII of France | ... ce, Countess of Champagne (1145 – March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of | and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine |
| William Pulteney | ... ously ill. His friends did not fail him at this juncture. He had patrons in | , afterwards Earl of Bath, in the third Earl of Burlington, who constantly ... |
| Marshal Ney | ... s. Wellington's pursuit was frustrated by a series of reverses inflicted by | in a much-lauded rear guard campaign |
| Sir Thomas Borough | ... dward. Sir Edward Borough was the eldest son of the 2nd Baron's eldest son, | , who would become the 1st Baron Burgh in December 1529 after his father w ... |
| Suchet | ... ptain, and in 1809 - 1810 found opportunities for winning distinction under | in the eastern theatre of the Peninsular War, in which he rose to the rank ... |
| Charles the First | ... its buildings were commandeered by the Royalists and used to house many of | 's court when Oxford was used as the Royalists' capital. This included the ... |
| Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland | The Percy family were powerful lords in northern England. | (1341–1408), rebelled against King Richard II and helped dethrone him. The ... |
| Joanna of Castile | On 21 June 1511, queen | ordered the creation of the Consulate of Bilbao. This would become the mos ... |
| Louis X | ... after a violent quarrel, to grant a share in the government to his brother | , an arrangement which lasted until the death of Louis in 1545 |
| Lyon Playfair | ... there in 1843. A new opportunity arose in 1845, when he became assistant to | at the new Museum of Economic Geology in London, where he became a close f ... |
| Seguin II | ... the latter appeared c. 844 in the region of Bordeaux. In Autumn 845, count | marched on the Vikings assaulting Bordeaux and Saintes but was captured an ... |
| Henry the Fowler | ... ed the Magyars in their 915 campaign against the Duchy of Saxony under Duke | |
| Francis Stephen | ... of smallpox, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, | , was invited to Vienna, but Maria Theresa's father considered other possi ... |
| Teresa d'Entença | By | |
| Gian Galeazzo Sforza | Isabella di Aragona, princess of Naples and widow of the Duke of Milan | , enlarged the castle, which she made her residence, 1499–1524. After the ... |
| Hugh X of Lusignan | ... English Queen mother Isabelle, Countess of Angoulême and her second husband | from supporting the English side. Pierre Mauclerc did support the English ... |
| James II | The early reign of | was relatively successful; it was not expected that a Catholic king could ... |
| William IV | ... maintenance of peace. He died in March 1508, and was succeeded by his son, | , whose mother, Kunigunde, was a daughter of the emperor Frederick III |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and his first wife, | |
| Duke of Vasconia | ... sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of | . They were meant to keep in check the Basques and defend the mouth of the ... |
| Earl of Derby | ... ental Europeans arose from discussion in 1977 between Jack Nicklaus and the | , who was serving as the President of the Professional Golfers' Associatio ... |
| Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury | James I’s ambassador to Paris, | , who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis’ ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... wing the death of her eldest daughter in 1733. Sarah lived to see her enemy | fall in 1742, and in the same year attempted to improve her reputation by ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... heir historical link with past wars, especially in Germany. Famous pacifist | criticizes nationalism for diminishing the individual's capacity to judge ... |
| Henry II | ... se which could be removed in the event of an attack. It was probably during | 's reign (1154–1189) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of th ... |
| James I of Aragon | ... to the project of consolidating Catalan power over Provence. His successor | did not fully consolidate his power until 1227; once he consolidated his i ... |
| Richard III of England | He was appointed Lord High Steward and walked in front of King | , carrying the crown at his coronation. However, John was the eldest (alth ... |
| Prince Edward | ... Lewes in 1264 he was forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, under which his son, | , was given over to the rebels as a hostage. Edward was taken back to Keni ... |
| Sigurd the Mighty | ... the Sudreys as a vassal of King Harald. His grandson Thorstein the Red and | , Jarl of Orkney invaded Scotland were able to exact tribute from nearly h ... |
| Charles II of Spain | ... in as Charles III following the death of its ruler, and Charles's relative, | , in 1700. He married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by wh ... |
| William V | The succeeding duke, Albert's son, | (called the Pious), had received a Jesuit education and showed keen attach ... |
| George III | ... rd (1987) set during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the reign of | , and finally Blackadder Goes Forth (1989) in 1917, set in the trenches of ... |
| Buffon | ... frequent visits to the home of a relation where he could borrow volumes of | 's massive Histoire Naturelle. All of these he read and re-read, retaining ... |
| Henry the Lion | ... of importance only after the division of the duchy of Saxony on the fall of | , when the archbishop of Cologne, duke of Westphalia from 1180 onwards, pl ... |
| Otto, Count of Ballenstedt | ... Duke of Bavaria, a member of the House of Welf; his daughter Eilika married | , a member of the Ascanian House. As a consequence, for the following deca ... |
| Marquis of Dalhousie | ... twenty-four umbrellas." In 1855 the King of Burma directed a letter to the | in which he styles himself "His great, glorious, and most excellent Majest ... |
| Lloyd George | ... te being asked to do so on three separate occasions in 1920. From 1926 when | became leader of the Liberals, Keynes took a major role in defining the pa ... |
| Ilya Prigogine | ... onal chemical thermodynamics are either at equilibrium or near equilibrium. | developed the thermodynamic treatment of open systems that are far from eq ... |
| Richard II | ... Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (1341–1408), rebelled against King | and helped dethrone him. The earl later rebelled against King Henry IV and ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... n. Sparrows became a nuisance; Queen Victoria mentioned this problem to the | , who offered the famous solution, "Sparrowhawks, Ma'am" |
| Quintin Hogg | Announcing his support for right of return legislation in Britain, MP | stated that, "All the great nations of the earth have what the Jews call a ... |
| Henry de Hastings | ... fort at the Battle of Evesham; the surviving rebels under the leadership of | , Montfort's constable at Kenilworth, regrouped at the castle the followin ... |
| Uilleam II, Earl of Ross | ... heir chief, the Earl of Ross was captured. This meant that for a short time | sided with the English but he later supported Robert the Bruce of Scotland ... |
| Louis IV | ... policies of his predecessor. He chose to make peace with Holy Roman Emperor | , and as far as possible came to terms with the Franciscans, who were then ... |
| George V | ... wfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by | on 28 November 1917. Because of the slaughter, the first day of the Battle ... |
| Henry IV | ... ent, turned. He was presented by his countryman, the Cardinal Du Perron, to | ; and, though that economical prince did not at first show any great eager ... |
| Henry VIII | ... yed in 1538, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, on orders from King | . The king also destroyed Becket's bones and ordered that all mention of h ... |
| John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute | In the ensuing century Cardiff was at peace. In 1766, | married into the Herbert family and was later created Baron Cardiff, and i ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... 987 general election, in the hope of ousting the Conservative government of | |
| Richard I of England | ... away Byzantine province of Cyprus. But rather than return it to the Empire, | sold the island to the Knights Templa |
| Duke of Marlborough | ... sive lines and the Marshal's orders from Versailles not to risk battle, the | concentrated instead on taking the fortresses of Tournai and Ypres. Tourna ... |
| Albert V | ... many. William, whose death occurred in March 1550, was succeeded by his son | , who had married a daughter of Ferdinand of Habsburg, afterwards the empe ... |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Another route established by | in 1849 was across Nicaragua. The long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocea ... |
| Rinaldo d'Este | ... rival, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1708 and annexed to Modena by Duke | , the exiled male line becoming extinct in 1747 |
| Dukes of Parma | ... eurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, Farnese | , and by some doges of Venice |
| Anne Boleyn | In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of | as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as M ... |
| Henry | ... landowners, including churches and bishoprics. King Henry even sent his son | to live in Becket's household, it being the custom then for noble children ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... lano's departure the irony that his final issue was handed in the week that | was forced out of office |
| Melvyn Bragg | ... fessor of Philosophy at the LSE and the University of California, hosted by | |
| George II of Great Britain | ... can Forbes of Culloden, was Lord President of the Court of Session for King | 's government in London. Duncan Forbes and Alexander Ross the Pitcalnie ch ... |
| The Jarl of Orkney | ... as were ruled over by local Jarls, originally captains of ships or Hersirs. | and Shetland however, claimed supremacy |
| Duke of Buckingham | ... n the UK today. The arms were first borne at the Battle of Agincourt by the | |
| Duke of Richmond | ... t and was then appointed to serve as Chief Secretary for Ireland, under the | . At the same time, he was made a privy counsellor |
| Henry IV | ... en 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when | , himself a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes, promising officia ... |
| Simon de Montfort | Henry III granted Kenilworth in 1244 to | , Earl of Leicester, who later became a leader in the Second Barons' War ( ... |
| Lord Nelson | ... his fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October (the British commander, | , died in the battle). Napoleon would never again have the opportunity to ... |
| Leopold VI, Duke of Austria | ... Vienna, Austria, traces its history to an endowment made by the Babenberger | (“the Glorious”) to the Cistercian monks at Lilienfeld Abbey in 1202, thou ... |
| Joanna of Castile | Philip and | had six children |
| Lord Foster of Thames Bank | ... Deacon's were replaced with the flagship Thomas Deacon Academy, designed by | which opened in September 2007 |
| Henry VIII | ... uted to 19th century historian Agnes Strickland's book on the wives of King | . Research of documents (including Maud Parr's Will) conducted by Susan Ja ... |
| King James I | ... first permanent English settlement in the "New World", Jamestown. Named for | , it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport. In 1619, colonists to ... |
| Edward IV of England | ... prowess on the field during the Battle of Towton, he won the admiration of | who made him Constable of Norwich Castle, High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suff ... |
| Lord Gambier | ... mudians had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral | , and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey, who, when promoted to ... |
| Christian II | ... e laid to rest after her death in 1521. The son of Hans and Christina, King | , with his wife Isabella of Austria, was also interred in the royal family ... |
| Louis I, Duke of Bavaria | ... 1195, the Palatinate passed to the House of Welf through marriage. In 1225, | obtained the Palatinate, and thus the castle came under his control. By 13 ... |
| Anne of Brittany | ... incourt in 1415. Alain the Great, lord of Albret (d. 1522), wished to marry | , and to that end fought against Charles VIII; but his hopes being defeate ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... arliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare | the legitimate Queen of England, but he steadfastly refused to take the oa ... |
| George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven | ... l, living with his maternal grandmother at Kensington Palace and his uncle, | , at Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire. In the next three years, his four si ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... tures a difficult and very high double bass solo in the "Romance" movement. | 's The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra contains a prominent passage ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... as favoring free republics over monarchies . Machiavelli in turn influenced | , Marchamont Needham , Harrington , John Milton , David Hume , and many ot ... |
| Philip II of Spain | ... lii suorum de humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome, and dedicated it to | , son of the Emperor |
| Lew Grade | On the back of their success on stage and on screen, in 1961 | offered the duo a series for the London-based ITV station ATV. Entitled Tw ... |
| King Edward | ... de according to military historian D. J. Cathcart King. It was held against | until its surrender in mid-September 1461 after the Battle of Towton. Re-c ... |
| Franconia | ... urg-Prussia. The territories of the House of Hohenzollern were scattered in | , Brandenburg, eastern Prussia and elsewhere |
| George I of Brieg | ... s high altar was moved to Wrocław Cathedral in 1951. Under the rule of Duke | (d. 1521) and his widow Anna of Pomerania, the reformer Caspar Schwenckfel ... |
| Louis V, Duke of Bavaria | ... authority in Bavaria; but three alone left issue, and of these the eldest, | , also margrave of Brandenburg and count of Tyrol, died in 1361; followed ... |
| Clement VII | ... the antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII returned to reside at Avignon. | lived in Avignon during his entire anti-pontificate, while Benedict XIII o ... |
| the Duke of Somerset | ... ms also emerged. In 1689, Anne's supporters (including the Marlboroughs and | ) demanded that she be granted a parliamentary annuity of £50 000, a sum t ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... pression. In Curtain (1991), Michael Korda's novel based on the marriage of | and Vivien Leigh, Gielgud becomes Philip Chagrin |
| Robert Guiscard | ... re or less intact for over a millennium: at least until the sack of Rome by | and his Normans in 1084, when neglect finally allowed debris to begin to a ... |
| Jeffrey Archer | ... Radio 4 series Gush, a satire based on the first Gulf War, in the style of | . With Newman he also wrote the family-friendly satirical sitcom My Dad's ... |
| Richard Rogers | ... eodesic domes while the George Pompidou Center, designed by Renzo Piano and | , which opened in 1977, was a prominent example. As the decade drew to a c ... |
| Henry IV | ... ng Richard II and helped dethrone him. The earl later rebelled against King | and after defeating the earl in the Battle of Shrewsbury, the king chased ... |
| John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute | In 1793, | was born. He would spend his life building the Cardiff docks and would lat ... |
| Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria | ... operty was divided between his two daughters. His daughter Wulfhild married | , a member of the House of Welf; his daughter Eilika married Otto, Count o ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... ics to a logical formulation via set theory and its derailing by a youthful | , the discoverer of Russell's paradox. Frege had planned a three volume de ... |
| Hamilton Palace | ... milton, forming the hunting and pleasure grounds of the Dukes' former home, | . Many features of this period remain in the park, including the Duke's Br ... |
| George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus | ... Scotland for help. They organised a mainly Scots relief force which, under | and de Brézé, set out on 22 November. Warwick's army, commanded by the exp ... |
| Charles Seymour | ... eaving the court as well, and Sarah and she went to stay with their friends | , the sixth Duke of Somerset, and Elizabeth, the Duchess of Somerset at Sy ... |
| Charles II | ... he was one of the commissioners sent to Holland for the purpose of inviting | to Scotland, and of settling the terms of his admission to the government. ... |
| Lord Curzon | Following the partition of Bengal in 1905, which was a strategy set out by | to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged a boycott, regarded a ... |
| Lord Grey | When the Whigs came to power under | in November 1830 he became Home Secretary in the new government. During th ... |
| Friedrich V, Duke of Austria | ... til Sigismund came of age. The Landstände of Tyrol choose Sigismund’s uncle | . The contracts of the guardianship were put in Oswald's care. Oswald used ... |
| Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall | ... Howard of Wiggenhall, Norfolk and Alice Tendring; by whom he descended from | , through his illegitimate daughter Joan of Cornwall |
| King Edward VII | ... ormed National Battlefields Commission, a group that, following the lead of | , began to collect historical data relating to the plains and the battles ... |
| Baden-Powell | ... form is a specific characteristic of the Scouting movement, in the words of | at the 1937 World Jamboree, "it covers the differences of country and race ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... (1941), she fictionalized Genghis Khan; in The Arm and the Darkness (1943), | ; in A Pillar of Iron (1965), the Roman senator and orator Cicero; and in ... |
| Philip II | Harsh persecution of Protestants by the Spanish government of | contributed to a desire for independence in the provinces, which led to th ... |
| Duke of York | ... its were found. Conflict over uncertain colonial limits continued until the | captured New Netherland in 1664." On the other hand, Connecticut's origina ... |
| James I of Scotland | The title reverted to the crown in 1424. King | restored the title to Margaret, whose son was Alexander, 3rd Lord of the I ... |
| Maximilian I | Whatever lustre the international position won by | might add to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next ... |
| Richard, Earl of Cornwall | ... diminished territories of Outremer throughout most of the 13th century and | reconstructed and refortified the citadel during 1240–41, as part of the C ... |
| Sir Thomas Graham | ... d a column against the French centre, while other columns were commanded by | and Rowland Hill and looped around the French right and left (this battle ... |
| Charles II | ... parliaments during the Interregnum, but reinstated with the restoration of | in 1660. 1 May 1707 was the day the Act of Union came into effect, joining ... |
| Duchy of Brabant | ... ne became fragmented, causing the formation of the Duchy of Limburg and the | , whose rulers retained the title Duke of Lothier (derived from "Lotharing ... |
| Anthony Eden | ... our). It had previously been a Conservative safe seat, including as its MP, | a former British prime minister. At the 2005 general election, James Plask ... |
| Henry VIII | ... y took on powerful positions in government. An example of this was found in | 's England where his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. An even more prom ... |
| J. P. Morgan | ... ng to convince Hoover to veto the bill, calling it "an economic stupidity." | 's chief executive Thomas W. Lamont said he "almost went down on [his] kne ... |
| Arthur Wellesley | After Light's demise, Lieutenant-Colonel | arrived in Penang to co-ordinate the defences of the island. In 1800, Lieu ... |
| Laurence Olivier | In the late 1960s and early 1970s Baker was part of | 's National Theatre company, and had his first big film break in 1971 with ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... he former public library on Broadway was donated by Scottish philanthropist | in 1906; Carnegie was made first freeman of the city on the day of the ope ... |
| King | ... step-children; a trait which she would again show after her marriage to the | . Her teenage stepson, John, proved to be difficult. There is some indicat ... |
| Philip II of Spain | After the Magellan expedition, King | sent Ruy López de Villalobos and Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 ... |
| Henry III | ... a Carta, before it reverted to royal control early in the reign of his son, | |
| Maximilian I | ... summoned to Munich where, in 1638, he became court chaplain to the elector | . He remained in Munich till 1650, when he went to live at Landshut and af ... |
| Henry Clay Frick | ... d. Mellon was a member of the Duquesne Club. Along with his closest friends | and Philander Knox, also South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members, Mell ... |
| Rowland Hill | ... French centre, while other columns were commanded by Sir Thomas Graham and | and looped around the French right and left (this battle became the subjec ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... nce of Wales, for which she would pay a massive dowry of £100,000. However, | , the First Lord of the Treasury (effectively the same as today's Prime Mi ... |
| elder brother | ... s the Commonwealth realms; however, after the births of two children to his | , and an evolution of the Commonwealth, Prince Andrew is currently fourth ... |
| Lord Fitzwilliam | In 1816 Lamb was returned for Peterborough by Whig grandee | . He told Lord Holland that he was committed to the Whig principles of the ... |
| John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond | The second creation was on 13 November 1362, for | , who was both the 1st Duke's son-in-law and also fourth son of King Edwar ... |
| Sibylla | That year he allied with | and Guy of Lusignan against Count Raymond, and his influence contributed t ... |
| Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery | Samuel Pepys saw a Henry V in 1664—but it was written by | , not by Shakespeare. Shakespeare's play returned to the stage in 1723, in ... |
| Christian V of Denmark | ... ll preserved today. It was renamed Christiansfjell Fortress in 1685 by King | during his visit to Hammersberg Skanse on June 14. Although the fortress w ... |
| Hugh Capet | ... the count Borrell II made official in 987 when he failed to swear fealty to | , the first Capetian monarch. In those years of the formation of the Catal ... |
| Henry VIII | ... t and New Street. To the west it included Bell Street and the Market Place. | , having granted the use of the titles "mayor" and "burgess", the town was ... |
| Henry VIII | ... me the Herbert family became the most powerful family in the area. In 1538, | closed the Dominican and Franciscan friaries in Cardiff, the remains of wh ... |
| Edward, Prince of Wales | ... of Belgium Albert I, the first European monarch to visit the United States. | , the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with Marshall a ... |
| James Ensor | ... e personal than that of other Symbolist painters such as Gustave Moreau and | . Nonetheless, Munch was highly influential, particularly with the German ... |
| Lord Carnarvon | Following a campaign by which | had successfully brought about federation in Canada, it was thought that s ... |
| Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia (1683–1754), daughter of | and his third wife, Eleonore Magdalena of the Palatinate-Neuburg, thus str ... |
| Anthony Eden | ... o met with Eisenhower on September 25, 1956, then relayed to Prime Minister | the false impression that Eisenhower promised to support an invasion. In 1 ... |
| John de Vere, Earl of Oxford | ... ', 'idiot uncle'. From his first marriage to Dorothy de Vere, sister of the | , he had two children, John and Margaret. Neville was one of fifteen child ... |
| Earl Bathurst | ... of discipline caused an enraged Wellington to write in a famous dispatch to | , "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers" |
| Artois | # | (Arras |
| Duke Eudes | ... was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732, after he had defeated | in the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux and before the former was ... |
| Rogge, Jacques | ... n - Retie - Rexism - Riemst - Rijkevorsel - Rivers of Belgium - Roeselare - | - Rogier, Charles - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai - Roman Catholic ... |
| Norman Foster | ... Terminal 3, the world's 2nd largest airport terminal, designed by architect | |
| Earl Granville | ... nd was first owned, surveyed, and mapped by William Churton (a surveyor for | ). Originally to be named Orange, it was named Corbin Town (for Francis Co ... |
| Maximilian I | ... the family for nearly 200 years. In 1597 he abdicated in favour of his son | , and retired into a monastery, where he died in 1626 |
| Henry the Lion | ... an be found in the town of Rerik (which still bears a Slavic name). In 1160 | conquered the region; afterwards German monks, peasants and traders arrive ... |
| Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester | ... This collection continued to grow steadily, but when, between 1435 and 1437 | (brother of Henry V of England), donated a great collection of manuscripts ... |
| Alfonso | ... rdinand I in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, | . The title is currently carried by Prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... e have been two major film adaptations. The first, directed by and starring | in 1944, is a colourful and highly stylised version which begins in the Gl ... |
| Cesare Borgia | ... spered into the ears of some people that they were better off looking for a | than a Parsifal, they did not believe their ears." Safranski argues that t ... |
| Duke of Hamilton | ... g this section of the gorge, although the area was once the preserve of the | , forming the hunting and pleasure grounds of the Dukes' former home, Hami ... |
| Henry II | ... was a busy port in the Middle Ages, and was declared a Staple port in 1327. | travelled through Cardiff on his journey to Ireland and had a premonition ... |
| County of Flanders | ... u - Council of State (Belgium) - Countess of Flanders - Count of Flanders - | - County of Loon - Le Coup de lune - Le Couronnement de Renart - Court of ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... mid 1920s, he was the third highest income tax payer in the US behind only | and Henry Ford. During this period, while he served as Secretary of the U. ... |
| Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland | ... berland carried out renovations in the 16th century. After the execution of | , in 1572 Alnwick castle was uninhabited. In the second half of the 18th c ... |
| Rutherford's | ... i had been born a few years earlier, one could well imagine him discovering | atomic nucleus, and then developing Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom. If ... |
| Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk | ... 36) and the former Lady Margaret de Mowbray (1388–1459), eldest daughter of | (of the first creation) (1366–1399) and Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan (1366–1425 ... |
| Henry V of England | ... y, but when, between 1435 and 1437 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brother of | ), donated a great collection of manuscripts, the space was deemed insuffi ... |
| Savary | The luring plan did not stop at that. On November 25, general | was sent to the Allied headquarters at Olmutz in order to secretly examine ... |
| Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona | ... an early 12th-century Latin chronicle called the Liber maiolichinus, where | is referred to as catalanicus heroes, rector catalanicus, and dux catalane ... |
| Duchy of Limburg | ... authority in Lower Lorraine became fragmented, causing the formation of the | and the Duchy of Brabant, whose rulers retained the title Duke of Lothier ... |
| King William IV | ... t acceptable replacement among the Whig leaders, and became Prime Minister. | 's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in ... |
| Henry the Lion | ... s desire to restore peace to Germany, persuaded Henry to give up Bavaria to | , duke of Saxony and son of Henry the Proud. In return, Austria was elevat ... |
| Conrad II | ... t Hungary, but Stephen's troops forced them to retreat. Stephen and Emperor | concluded peace negotiations in 1031, and the territories between the Leit ... |
| James V | ... r noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, | , was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V l ... |
| Ferdinand I | ... of Aragon gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, John. In 1414, King | in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, Alfonso. ... |
| Henry VIII | ... d his queen. It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £300 and again by | in 1519; the current building dates from this period, although the chapel ... |
| Henry of Grosmont, 4th Earl of Lancaster | The first creation was on 6 March 1351, for | , a great-grandson of Henry III; he was also 4th Earl of Leicester, 1st Ea ... |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber | ... roductions of the same name, notably the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney; and | 's 1986 musical |
| Harold Macmillan | ... diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Controversy surrounds | , who met with Eisenhower on September 25, 1956, then relayed to Prime Min ... |
| King Oscar II | The history of these arms is quite curious. When on 18 July 1891 | visited the city, a menu had to be printed. It was printed with a coat of ... |
| André Masséna | ... Wellington checked an attempt by the French Army of Portugal under Marshal | to relieve the besieged city of Almeida |
| Joanna, Countess of Provence | ... d from that time till 1377 was the papal seat. In 1348 the city was sold by | , to Clement VI for 80,000 florins |
| Prince George, Duke of Kent | ... to soldiers she spotted on the roads. In 1942, her youngest surviving son, | , was killed in an air crash while on active service. Queen Mary finally r ... |
| Rowland Hill | ... ellington withdrew his army and, joined with the smaller corps commanded by | , began to retreat to Portugal. Marshal Soult declined to attack |
| Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse | In 1229, she was responsible for the Treaty of Paris, in which | , submitted to Louis. By it his daughter and heir Joan was forced to marry ... |
| Counts of Bordeaux | ... r sympathise with a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the | held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were mean ... |
| Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke | ... ed by William Kent; and the Doric Column of Victory in the park designed by | , and finished by Roger Morris. The latter rose to a height of , complete ... |
| Nicholas Kaldor | ... idge capital controversy – winning the argument but not the battle. Much of | ’s work was based on the ideas of increasing returns to scale, path depend ... |
| General Charles Cornwallis | ... the American Revolution. Hillsborough served as a military base for British | in late February 1781. The United States Constitution drafted in 1787 was ... |
| James III | ... ccident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. | was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leadin ... |
| Duke of York and Albany | ... nglish conquered New Netherland and renamed it "New York" after the English | , the future King James II. Stuyvesant and his council negotiated with the ... |
| Conradin | ... owerful prince in southern Germany. He served as the guardian of his nephew | of Hohenstaufen, and after Conradin's execution in Italy in 1268, Louis an ... |
| Warwick | ... nd cousin, a twice-widowed descendant of George Neville, 1st Baron Latimer, | , the 'Kingmaker's', 'idiot uncle'. From his first marriage to Dorothy de ... |
| André Masséna | ... ated (another army under Archduke Charles manoeuvred inconclusively against | 's French army in Italy), Napoleon occupied Vienna. Far from his supply li ... |
| Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford | ... ke of this creation died on 4 February 1399, the Dukedom passed to his son, | . Later that same year, the new 2nd Duke usurped the throne of England fro ... |
| Edward III | ... aim to France was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from | to George III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually contr ... |
| Henry | ... uring the revolt of 1173–74 he faced a significant uprising led by his son, | , backed by the French crown. The conflict spread across England and Kenil ... |
| Anthony Eden | ... torcycle, a fact celebrated at the 1953 motorcycle show with a visit by Sir | to the BSA stand. In 1953 the BSA Professional Cycling Team was managed by ... |
| Richard III of England | ... t Howard Duke of Norfolk. He was a close friend and loyal supporter of King | with whom he died in combat at the Battle of Bosworth Field |
| Robert Runcie | ... with a Primate, is a humorous account of his journeys with his former boss, | |
| Henry IV of France | The Edict of Nantes, issued on 13 April 1598, by | , granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) su ... |
| Edward I | ... ck to the 1260s when Walter de Merton, chancellor to Henry III and later to | , first drew up statutes for an independent academic community and establi ... |
| Simon de Montfort | Following the Battle of Lewes a year earlier, where | had gained control of parliament, the Battle of Evesham in August 1265 was ... |
| Count of Flanders | ... nberg group - Cougnou - Council of State (Belgium) - Countess of Flanders - | - County of Flanders - County of Loon - Le Coup de lune - Le Couronnement ... |
| George III | ... was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from Edward III to | , regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) The a ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... on period. Later, Buckinghamshire became an important political arena, with | intervening in local politics in the 16th century and just a century later ... |
| Richard II | ... . Later that same year, the new 2nd Duke usurped the throne of England from | , ascending the throne as Henry IV, at which point the Dukedom merged in t ... |
| Philip II of Spain | ... and the organization of the two books were quite varied. He dedicated it to | , son of the Emperor |
| Louis XVI | ... igning of the Edict of Versailles, also known as the Edict of Tolerance, by | 102 years later, on 7 November 1787. This edict was enacted by parlement t ... |
| Bruno the Great | In 959 the Lotharingian duke | divided the duchy between Lotharingia superior (Upper Lorraine) and Lothar ... |
| Henry VII of England | ... , forcing them on shore near Melcombe Regis. The couple stayed as guests of | but were in fact hostages for the duration of their stay. In order to get ... |
| Daniel Drew | ... lties for failure to deliver on a short selling contract inspired financier | to warn: "He who sells what isn't his'n, Must buy it back or go to pris'n. ... |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | ... gton Street between Salina and Warren Streets which was named for Commodore | , a railroad magnate and millionaire whose New York Central Railroad "domi ... |
| Henry III | ... dation can be traced back to the 1260s when Walter de Merton, chancellor to | and later to Edward I, first drew up statutes for an independent academic ... |
| Richard I | Henry's successor, | , paid relatively little attention to Kenilworth but under King John signi ... |
| Lord Castlereagh | ... toration, but he was eventually brought around by British Foreign Secretary | to the last position. Napoleon abdicated on April 3, 1814, and Louis XVIII ... |
| Anne Boleyn | Among those held and executed at the Tower was | . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard, by the 16th a ... |
| James IV | ... tle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: | |
| Henry II | ... rs of the Anarchy (1135–54), delayed any further development of the castle. | succeeded to the throne at the end of the Anarchy but during the revolt of ... |
| Henry VI | ... own of Henley. The existing Corpus Christi fair was granted by a charter of | |
| Henry VIII | ... the Dissolution of the Monasteries, all monastic manors were seized by King | . They were sold off or given away to the nobility and landed gentry. Gran ... |
| Ferdinand I | ... in the Revolutions of 1848. Metternich and the mentally handicapped Emperor | were forced to resign to be replaced by the emperor's young nephew Franz J ... |
| King Charles I | When civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of | (known as Cavaliers) and supporters of the Long Parliament (known as Round ... |
| Maximilian II Emanuel | His good work, however, was largely undone by his son | (1679–1726), whose far-reaching ambition set him warring against the Ottom ... |
| Prince George, Prince of Wales | ... s that took place on them. Finally, on 24 July 1908, the King's eldest son, | , dedicated the Quebec Battlefields Park at the Plains of Abraham, then pr ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... ost other kingdoms in Spain since the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and | at the end of the 15th century, and this union was progressively consolida ... |
| Robert II, Duke of Normandy | ... called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by | , the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important c ... |
| Jervis | ... the Napoleonic Wars. Protected by naval supremacy (in the words of Admiral | to the House of Lords "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not co ... |
| King Edward III | ... of Richmond, who was both the 1st Duke's son-in-law and also fourth son of | . John had married Blanche of Lancaster, 6th Countess of Lancaster, daught ... |
| Peter IV of Aragon | ... gon in a new state, this union later being confirmed in the 14th century by | ("Peter the Ceremonious"). Ramon Berenguer IV used "Aragon" as his primary ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | His 1152 marriage to | allowed the future Henry II to gain control of his new wife's possessions ... |
| James II | ... cution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. | continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he wa ... |
| Michael Heseltine | ... irect steps to counter the influence of CND, Secretary of State for Defence | setting up Defence Secretariat 19 "to explain to the public the facts abou ... |
| Count of Wisborg | Folke Bernadotte, | (in Swedish: Greve af Wisborg; 2 January 1895 – 17 September 1948) was a S ... |
| Ferdinand Maria | ... ts effect during the next two centuries was more dubious. Maximilian's son, | (1651–1679), who was a minor when he succeeded, did much indeed to repair ... |
| Henry III of England | ... muster an army to protect Capetian interests against rebellious nobles and | . One of the barons tried to kidnap Louis. He took refuge in a castle and ... |
| Philip V | ... coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by | with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pur ... |
| John | ... rded that King Henry II "had bought land for the making of buildings". King | granted the manor of Benson and the town and manor of Henley to Robert Har ... |
| Algernon, 4th Duke of Northumberland | However in the 19th century | replaced much of Adam's architecture. Instead he paid Anthony Salvin £250, ... |
| Lupo | ... was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke | , and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year. In ... |
| King Henry II | ... first record of medieval settlement dates to 1179, when it is recorded that | "had bought land for the making of buildings". King John granted the manor ... |
| William II Sánchez of Gascony | ... helped the political disintegration of the Duchy until their defeat against | in 982. In turn, the weakened ethnic polity known as Duchy of Wasconia/Was ... |
| Charles III of Spain | In the 18th century King | commissioned Anton Raphael Mengs to paint The Triumph of Trajan on the cei ... |
| James II of England | ... 77, William married his cousin Mary Stuart, the daughter of the future king | . In 1688, William embarked on a mission to depose his Catholic father-in- ... |
| the Earl Grey | ... ociation was placed before the Royal Society of Canada and Governor General | initiated his plan to preserve the battlefields, having visited the site a ... |
| Archduke Charles | | , brother of the Austrian Emperor, had started to reform the Austrian army ... |
| Duchy of Spoleto | ... ame under the rule of the Lombards as part of the Lombard and then Frankish | |
| Duke of Wellington | ... inaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the | . The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liver ... |
| Francis I | ... ine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano - sailing in service of the French king | - was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City ... |
| King George III | Although her mother was a grandchild of | , May was only a minor member of the British Royal Family. Her father, the ... |
| Louis XV | ... g scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King | , under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first Nicolas-Franç ... |
| Count Ansúrez | ... the old city is the 16th-century Plaza Mayor, presided over by a statue of | from 1903. On one side of it stands the City Hall, an eclectic building da ... |
| Henry II | ... rnal politics Stephen I allied himself with his brother-in-law, the Emperor | against Prince Boleslaw I of Poland, who had extended his rule over the te ... |
| Laurence Olivier | The play's ambiguity has led to diverse interpretations in performance. | 's 1944 film, made during the Second World War, emphasises the patriotic s ... |
| Duke of Norfolk | ... ng Catherine and her step-children penniless. The King himself wrote to the | pressing him to make sure Latimer would 'condemn that villain Aske and sub ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... ical actors, a squirrel-hating transvestite highwayman, and a duel with the | (played by Stephen Fry) |
| Philip II of Savoy | Pico fled to France in 1488, where he was arrested by | , at the demand of the papal nuncios, and imprisoned at Vincennes. Through ... |
| Viscount Wellington | ... ttle of Fuentes de Oñoro ( 3–6 May 1811), the British-Portuguese Army under | checked an attempt by the French Army of Portugal under Marshal André Mass ... |
| James Callaghan | ... ent over its cost and whether it was necessary. The outgoing Prime Minister | made his government's papers on Trident available to Margaret Thatcher's n ... |
| Alexander Suvorov | ... temkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Pyotr Rumyantsev and | , and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Rus ... |
| Charles II | ... store the monarchy. In 1660, the monarchy was restored when Charles I's son | was declared king |
| Arnulf I | ... nt of the language and of the customs of the locals. The count of Flanders, | , received him with honour and lodged him in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, ne ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | The dynastic union of Castile and Aragon in 1479, when | wed Isabella I of Castile, led to the formal creation of Spain as a single ... |
| Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex | ... n Spain and Ireland. The Chorus directly refers to the military triumphs of | , in the fifth act. Henry V himself is sometimes seen as an ambivalent rep ... |
| King Charles II | ... y constituted in 1303, by Boniface VIII in a Papal Bull. Boniface VIII, and | of Naples should be considered one of the first great protectors and benef ... |
| Edward | Henry VIII's children | and Elizabeth spent their youth at Hatfield Palace. His eldest daughter Qu ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... validity of the Pragmatic Sanction which secured the Habsburg succession to | , allied himself with France, conquered Upper Austria, was crowned king of ... |
| Filippo Maria Visconti | ... rtire (St. Peter Martyr) was built, with the adjacent Dominican convent, by | in 1445. In the last years of Visconti domination it sustained a siege by ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... n the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio play Other Lives, playing the | |
| Marshal Ney | ... with false intelligence. He divided his army into a left wing commanded by | , a right wing commanded by Marshal Grouchy, and a reserve, which he comma ... |
| 3rd Duke of Bridgewater | Brindley's reputation brought him to the attention of the | who was looking for a way to improve the transport of coal from his coal m ... |
| John Profumo | ... hree Privy Counsellors to resign in the twentieth century (the others being | , who resigned on 26 June 1963, and John Stonehouse, who resigned on 17 Au ... |
| Oscar II of Sweden | ... ke of Gotland) and his wife Ebba Munck af Fulkila. His grandfather was King | |
| the Prince of Wales | ... ey, Archbishop of Canterbury, and her three godparents were Queen Victoria, | (later King Edward VII and May's father-in-law), and Princess Augusta, the ... |
| Charles Manners-Sutton | ... the Lord Chancellor Henry Brougham and the Speaker of the House of Commons | |
| George I of Great Britain | ... (the great grandson of James I through his mother Sophia of Hanover), King | |
| Edward I | All past and present dukes have been descended from | ; see Dukes of Norfolk family tree |
| Lord Castlereagh's | He was appointed ambassador to France, then took | place as first plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna, where he strongl ... |
| Ottokar I | ... ould return to the title of duke. The title of king became hereditary under | (1198). His grandson Ottokar II (king from 1253–1278) conquered a short-li ... |
| Richard B. Mellon | ... rn Ireland; his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He was also brother of | . He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the Unive ... |
| Clement Attlee | ... ustry (then state-owned since nationalisation by the post-war government of | ) over the closure of pits whose uneconomic operation accounted for the co ... |
| Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick | ... d when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton. With the help of | (nicknamed "the Kingmaker") Henry recaptured the throne for a short time i ... |
| Charles II | ... ewels of the United Kingdom. From the early 14th century until the reign of | , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the cor ... |
| Bismarck's | ... ts who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by | Kulturkampf. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesui ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... rought more attention to Corneille. He was selected to write verses for the | ’s visit to Rouen. The Cardinal took notice of Corneille and selected him ... |
| Duke of Marlborough | ... same year he published Rufinus, a historical essay; and a political poem on | and his adherents |
| Francis I | ... e Palace of Fontainebleau. This was accomplished by the great builder-king, | (1494–1547), who, in the largest of his many construction projects, recons ... |
| James II | ... she married in 1677. Sarah acted as Anne's agent after the latter's father, | , was deposed during the Glorious Revolution; and she promoted her interes ... |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber | ... r Eliot's death, the book was adapted as the basis of the musical, Cats, by | , first produced in London's West End in 1981 and opening on Broadway the ... |
| Pierre Deligne | Jean Bourgain, Alain Connes, | , Mikhail Gromov, Alexandre Grothendieck, Oscar Lanford III, Laurent Laffo ... |
| Henry II | After the death of | ( 3 July 1024), Stephen broke with the German alliance, because the new Ho ... |
| Louise Borgia, Duchess of Valentinois | ... . She was a sister of John III of Navarre. They were parents to a daughter, | , (1500–1553) who first married Louis II de La Tremouille, Governor of Bur ... |
| Prince Henry | ... 613, issued a volume of "Songs of Mourning: Bewailing the Untimely Death of | ", set to music by John Cooper (also known as Coperario). The same year he ... |
| Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool | ... s. William Robertson and Edward Spence are other Victoria Cross recipients. | , UK Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, was quartered in Dumfries in 1796 d ... |
| Christina of Sweden | ... hn Casimir, count palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, succeeded his cousin Queen | on the Swedish throne, Pfalz-Zweibrücken was in personal union with Sweden ... |
| Henry VIII | ... wings in a square surrounding a central courtyard. The palace was seized by | with other church properties |
| Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor | John married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, daughter of | , his first cousin, in 1708. From that marriage were born six children, th ... |
| King Henry VII | ... dfather of Elizabeth I. His titles were declared forfeit after his death by | , but his son, the 1st Earl of Surrey, was later restored as 2nd Duke (the ... |
| Lagrange | ... tional symbols. The formal algebraic manipulation of series investigated by | and Laplace in the 1770s has been put in the form of operator equalities b ... |
| Walter Cunliffe | ... n in a letter on display in the Bank museum, is that he had quarrelled with | , one of the bank's directors, who would later become Governor of the Bank ... |
| Henry | ... custom of wearing a leek as an “ancient tradition” in Henry V. In the play, | tells Fluellen that he is wearing a leek “for I am Welsh, you know, good c ... |
| Władysław I the Elbow-high | ... hts and then with the German Prussian state. The Kingdom was restored under | , strengthened and expanded by his son Casimir III the Great. The western ... |
| Roger Bigod | ... the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with | from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Ear ... |
| Jaromír of Bohemia | ... The jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when | was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the ... |
| Philip V of Spain | statesman in the service of | |
| William | ... h earl, was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, and his successor | died without male issue. The earldom of Ross and the chiefship of Clan Ros ... |
| Francis I | From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, every monarch, from | to Louis XV, made important renovations at the Palace of Fontainebleau, in ... |
| Frederick, Prince of Wales | ... l stage Buckinghamshire has been home to Nancy Astor who lived in Cliveden, | who also lived in Cliveden, Baron Carrington who lives in Bledlow, Benjami ... |
| Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin | ... Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman Sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, | , ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large col ... |
| Charles Albert | Untaught by Maximilian II Emmanuel's experience, his son, | (1726–1745), devoted all his energies to increasing the European prestige ... |
| Charles II | ... vention Parliament which restored Charles I's eldest son to the monarchy as | . Following the Restoration, Oliver Cromwell was exhumed and posthumously ... |
| Robert Guiscard | In 1071, Bari was captured by | , following a three-year siege. Maio of Bari (d. 1160), a Lombard merchant ... |
| Louis IX of France | In December 1259, | ceded to Henry land north and east of Gascony. In return, Henry renounced ... |
| Conrad of Montferrat | ... in 1189. He attempted to take command of the Christian forces at Tyre, but | held power there after his successful defence of the city from Muslim atta ... |
| Duchy of Parma | ... as born near Piacenza, probably at the village of Fiorenzuola d'Arda in the | |
| Philip the Good | ... chiermonnikoog in writing dates from October 1440, in a document written by | |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber | ... iszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Boris Blacher, | , George Rochberg and Witold Lutosławski, among others, wrote well-known v ... |
| Vlerick, André | ... commissie - Vlaamse Volksbeweging - Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (VLD) - | - Vleteren - VLOTT - Voeren - Vorselaar - Vorst (Forest) - Vosselaa |
| Henry VII | ... vourite residence of Queen Elizabeth I. Built in 1497 by the Bishop of Ely, | 's minister John Cardinal Morton, it comprised four wings in a square surr ... |
| Edward VI | ... olitical and historic symbolism was considered useful, for instance each of | , Mary I, and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronat ... |
| Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | Heidelberg fell to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1803. | , refounded the University, named "Ruperto-Carola" after its two founders. ... |
| Edward II | ... without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. | then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312. It passed to T ... |
| King Charles II | He visited the City as a courtier to | in 1671 and described it thus |
| King Henry VIII | ... and Catherine Howard, the second and fifth Queens consort, respectively, of | . Thus, through Anne Boleyn, he was the great-great-grandfather of Elizabe ... |
| Henry IV of France | ... avour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers (and Louis's father | was once a Huguenot leader). On the other hand, Louis XIII had had a stric ... |
| Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex | ... f sermons appeared in 1640 under the title of Joseph's party-coloured Coat. | , who lived at Copt Hall, near Waltham, gave him what remained of the book ... |
| Charles VI | ... sing the European prestige and power of his house. The death of the emperor | proved his opportunity: he disputed the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction ... |
| James Francis Edward Stuart | ... Protestants. The Tories were suspected of supporting the Catholic Pretender | . George I rewarded the Whigs by forming a Whig government; at his welcome ... |
| Rudolph I of Habsburg | ... rritory south of the Rhine under their control, aiding their rise to power. | , who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1273, effectively revoked the status of ... |
| King Edward II | In the 14th century Napton was granted a market charter by | and throughout the Middle Ages it was one of the largest settlements in Wa ... |
| King Henry II | ... en Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor | of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal onc ... |
| Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin | ... constant is a recurring constant in number theory. The French mathematician | proved in 1898 that when taking any positive integer n and dividing it by ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... nister James Callaghan made his government's papers on Trident available to | 's new incoming Conservative Party government, which took the decision to ... |
| Bolesław II the Bold | ... y a collapse of the monarchy and restoration under Casimir I. Casimir's son | became fatally involved in a conflict with the ecclesiastical authority, a ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister, | , 1979–1990, was Conservative MP for Finchley from 1959 to 1992, although ... |
| Charles I | ... reat Britain" in 1604—they remained separate kingdoms. James I's successor, | , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to th ... |
| William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne | ... th parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, | , and appointed a Tory, Sir Robert Peel. In the ensuing elections, however ... |
| Lord Hunt | ... officers. This much had already been confirmed by former cabinet secretary | , who concluded in a secret inquiry conducted in 1996 that "there is absol ... |
| Michael Howard | On 3 May 2005, Bremner dressed up as | and walked along the campaign trail in the marginal seat of Wellingborough ... |
| Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon | Born in London, the son of Ezekiel King, he was related to the family of | . From Westminster School, where he was a scholar under Richard Busby, at ... |
| Edward I | ... ases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and | in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... the 1960 film Spartacus as the estate of Marcus Licinius Crassus (played by | ). According to Hearst Over Hollywood, Jack and stayed at the house for pa ... |
| Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford | ... ration of Ireland in a lengthy document. More seriously, he quarrelled with | , probably because of Sidney's opposition to the French marriage, which de ... |
| Friedrich von Wieser | The term was coined in 1914 by | in his book "". • However, in 1848 Frédéric Bastiat described this concept ... |
| King James I | ... uilt in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to | and has been the home of the Cecil family ever since. It is a prime exampl ... |
| Charles Theodore | ... arian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the succession passed to | , the elector palatine. After a separation of four and a half centuries, t ... |
| Thatcher | The Docklands' status as a symbol of | 's Britain has also made it a target for terrorists. After a failed attemp ... |
| Duke of Northumberland | ... me name in the English county of Northumberland. It is the residence of the | , built following the Norman conquest, and renovated and remodelled a numb ... |
| Thomas Mowbray | ... in 1312. It passed to Thomas's daughter Margaret, and then to her grandson | |
| Sir Robert Baden-Powell | ... ich are used by most national Scout organizations. The symbol was chosen by | as it had been the arm-badge of those soldiers qualified as "Scouts" (reco ... |
| Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein | The Augustenborg male line died out in 1931, upon the death of | , a grandson of queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Their female-line de ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... e of his life" in Dan Macmillan, older brother of the future Prime Minister | . Despite his middle-class background, Keynes mixed easily with upper-clas ... |
| Edward II of England | In 1325, the land was confiscated by Charles IV when | , in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine, failed to pay homage after a dispu ... |
| James Callaghan | ... th., Sir Francis Austen (brother of Jane Austen) briefly lived in the area, | (British prime minister 1976–1979) was born in Portsmouth, John Pounds the ... |
| James I | ... facto capital of Scotland for much of the period until the assassination of | in 1437. Following her marriage to King Malcolm III, Queen Margaret encour ... |
| Louis XVIII of France | ... , lived at Iver and King Zog of Albania lived at Frieth. Much earlier, King | lived in exile at from 1809 to 1814 |
| Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... ing able to exercise his rule in Catalonia, until the death of his brother, | ; he returned to Vienna to assume the imperial crown. Not wanting to see A ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... Best Actor. Sheen has worked with a wide variety of film directors, such as | , Francis Ford Coppola, Terrence Malick, David Cronenberg, Mike Nichols, M ... |
| Francesco I Sforza | ... dier of fortune Biordo Michelotti, Gian Galeazzo Visconti and his successor | , dukes of Milan, Jacopo Piccinino and Federico II da Montefeltro, lord of ... |
| Samuel Slater | ... also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill. | (1768–1835) is the founder of the Slater Mill. As a boy apprentice in Derb ... |
| Henry II of England | | died on July 6, 1189 following a defeat by his son Richard I (Lionheart) a ... |
| James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose | ... ort time only to become a covenanter again and was present at the defeat of | in 1650. During the Civil War at the Battle of Carbisdale the Clan Ross an ... |
| Henry VIII | ... s succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of | 's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ... |
| Henry II | ... ria for his son Emeric who was the nearest relative of the deceased Emperor | (who himself had been the last male descendant of the old dukes of Bavaria ... |
| Charles of Lorraine | ... who had succeeded command of Allied forces in the region after the death of | . Meanwhile Marshal Catinat led the French forces in Dauphiné against the ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... e continues to have many legions of loyal fans, including ex-Prime Minister | . The Thick Of It is a similar BBC television series that has been called ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... important works of Karlheinz Stockhausen, is often described as a cantata. | composed at least six works he designated as cantatas: The Company of Heav ... |
| William the Conqueror | In the Harrying of the North, | 's brutal conquest and subjugation of the North of England, William's men ... |
| King George IV | ... es, although he became embroiled in unsuccessful mediation attempts between | , and his estranged wife Caroline of Brunswick, who had sought her rights ... |
| Gian Galeazzo Visconti | ... er under several despots, such as the soldier of fortune Biordo Michelotti, | and his successor Francesco I Sforza, dukes of Milan, Jacopo Piccinino and ... |
| Duke of Aquitaine | ... was confiscated by Charles IV when Edward II of England, in his capacity as | , failed to pay homage after a dispute. Edward sent his wife and then his ... |
| Richard I | ... s a leader involved in the massacre of the Jews at Cliffords Tower in York. | dismissed the sheriff and constable of York and imposed severe penalties o ... |
| King Richard II | When | created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and ... |
| William the Conqueror | When, in 1069, Malcolm Canmore and | held a conference respecting the claims of Edgar Atheling to the English C ... |
| Rudolph II | ... ries of the Christian world during that period. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor | who made Prague again the capital of the Empire at the time, himself a Rom ... |
| James I | ... Buchan and Ross, at that battle, the Earldom of Ross reverted to the crown. | on his return from his long captivity in England, restored it to the heire ... |
| Collis Potter Huntington | ... strial scale production centered around Richmond. In 1886, railroad magnate | founded Newport News Shipbuilding, which was responsible for building six ... |
| King Edward IV of England | ... s arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York, the four-year-old son of | . She remained Richard's child bride until she died at the age of 8 |
| Laurence Olivier | ... guests on the show, including Angela Rippon, Princess Anne, Cliff Richard, | , John Mills, the Dad's Army cast, Glenda Jackson, Shirley Bassey, Tom Jon ... |
| Sidney Godolphin | ... hrone after William's death in 1702, the Duke of Marlborough, together with | , the first Earl of Godolphin, rose to head the government, partly as a re ... |
| John II Casimir Vasa | Following the abdication of King | and the end of The Deluge, the Polish nobility elected Michael to the Poli ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... oss-border co-operation were discussed with the new British Prime Minister, | . These discussions led Síle de Valera, a backbench TD, to directly challe ... |
| Conrad II | ... varia). In 1027, Stephen had Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, the envoy sent by | to the Byzantine Empire, arrested at the frontier. In 1030, the emperor le ... |
| Charles I | During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), under | , by 1629 the Kirkes took Quebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith, Lord ... |
| Elector of Bavaria | ... (although the Dauphin held honorific command). De Lorge was opposed by the | , who had succeeded command of Allied forces in the region after the death ... |
| Ferdinand | ... g Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Archduke | of Austria became King of Bohemia and the country became a constituent sta ... |
| Robert Cecil | ... the palace much and so gave it to Elizabeth's (and his own) chief minister | , First Earl of Salisbury, in exchange for Theobalds which was the Cecils' ... |
| Gartzia Semeno | ... eaux. Failure to suppress the rebellion started a widespread revolt, led by | (who according to late traditions was a near-kinsman of Eneko Aritza, was ... |
| Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... and on the other hand influenced by Islamic (Saracen) ideals of furusiyya. | (1459–1519) is often referred to as the last true knight. He was the last ... |
| Keynesian | ... trade policy of the United States and Britain during the 19th Century, with | stimulus policies |
| Francis II | ... ope. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist when Holy Roman Emperor | kept Francis I of Austria as his only official title. These achievements, ... |
| James I | Elizabeth's successor | did not like the palace much and so gave it to Elizabeth's (and his own) c ... |
| Earl of Bothwell | ... ssination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the | , who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled agai ... |
| Henry IV of Castile | ... city was Alvar Gomez de Cibdad Real, who had been private secretary to King | . He was a protector of the conversos. Together with prominent conversos F ... |
| Cesare Borgia | ... short period of time. Two of these periods were in the feudal era. In 1503, | occupied the republic until his death several months later. On October 17, ... |
| Prince George, Duke of Kent | ... scuous with both sexes. One report suggests he would procure guardsmen with | . Private Eye magazine, which termed Mountbatten 'a raging queen' brought ... |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | ... hed success, and was rewarded by a series of academic appointments. In 1552 | , appointed him professor of scriptural interpretation in the university. ... |
| James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle | ... n on the death of Charles, but he did not break with his Roundhead patrons. | made him his chaplain, and presented him in 1648 or 1649 to the curacy of ... |
| Louis VII | This hamlet was endowed with a royal hunting lodge and a chapel by | in the middle of the twelfth century. A century later, Louis IX, also call ... |
| Charles IV | ... he Bohemian throne with the crowning of John I of Bohemia in 1310. His son, | became King of Bohemia in 1346. He founded Charles University in Prague, c ... |
| Edward III | ... aster inherited the castle. Blanche married John of Gaunt, the third son of | ; their union, and combined resources, made John the second richest man in ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... about the business practices of the Standard Oil Company and its president, | , which sparked legislative action in Congress concerning monopolies |
| Charles II of Spain | ... Bourbon, or Louis XIV of France) over the estate of the dead Lord Strutt ( | ). Bull's lawyer is the one who really enjoys the suit, and he is Humphrey ... |
| Marshal de Lorge | ... d forestalling King James' attempt to regain his throne). In other theatres | commanded French forces in the Rhineland, (although the Dauphin held honor ... |
| Andrew Lloyd-Webber | ... h middle classes. The only failure during this period was 1975 musical with | , Jeeves, and even this did little to dent Ayckbourn's popularity. Althoug ... |
| 3rd Duke of Norfolk | ... dy seems to have been moved at the Reformation, possibly to the tomb of the | at Framlingham Church. The monumental brass of his first wife Katherine Mo ... |
| Ottokar II | ... e. The title of king became hereditary under Ottokar I (1198). His grandson | (king from 1253–1278) conquered a short-lived empire which contained moder ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of | . The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later bec ... |
| King George III | ... ually important goals. At the suggestion of Wilberforce and Bishop Porteus, | was requested by the Archbishop of Canterbury to issue in 1787 the Proclam ... |
| James IV | ... thumberland, in northern England, between an invading Scots army under King | and an English army commanded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. It ended i ... |
| Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor | ... żanka) a Habsburg, born 1653 at Regensburg died 1697 at Vienna, daughter of | , by his third wife Eleonora Gonzaga |
| Prince of Orange | ... the Duchess of Richmond's ball in Brussels, he received a dispatch from the | and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon's advance. He hastily ordered his ... |
| King James' | ... region to Prince Waldeck (William was himself busy in Ireland forestalling | attempt to regain his throne). In other theatres Marshal de Lorge commande ... |
| King George III | The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by | following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America ... |
| Louis IX | ... chapel by Louis VII in the middle of the twelfth century. A century later, | , also called Saint Louis, who held Fontainebleau in high esteem and refer ... |
| Frederick, Prince of Wales | ... derable that Sarah hoped to marry her granddaughter, Lady Diana Spencer, to | , for which she would pay a massive dowry of £100,000. However, Robert Wal ... |
| Duke of Lothier | ... Duchy of Limburg and the Duchy of Brabant, whose rulers retained the title | (derived from "Lotharingia"). With the disappearance of a "lower" Lorraine ... |
| Conrad II | ... Stephen broke with the German alliance, because the new Holy Roman Emperor, | claimed supremacy over the Kingdom of Hungary, while Stephen demanded the ... |
| Lord Darnley | ... endancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, | , in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an ... |
| Emperor Frederick II | ... d after the Third Crusade allowed for Christian pilgrims to visit the site. | regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century, while he h ... |
| Federico II da Montefeltro | ... and his successor Francesco I Sforza, dukes of Milan, Jacopo Piccinino and | , lord of Urbino. The city went into a deep decline through the plague of ... |
| Charles Edward Stuart | ... Home, Lord Kames. Another descendant was Clementina Walkinshaw, mistress of | |
| James II | ... n was closely guarded. Ultimately, in the conflict between William III, and | , it was William, the foreign usurper, who became the popular defender of ... |
| King Richard III | ... , someone had left John Howard a note attached to his tent warning him that | , his "master," was going to be double-crossed (which he was) |
| current Prince of Wales | ... y dim character, with the voice and mannerisms of Charles I's namesake, the | ). However, due to a misunderstanding between Oliver Cromwell (guest-star ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | On the election of | 's government, Lawson was appointed to the position of Financial Secretary ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... later the library moved to Medford's new city hall, in another four years, | 's donation allowed a dedicated library to be built. Construction on the M ... |
| Neil Kinnock | ... -market-based communal European economy. In the UK, the Labour Party leader | made a passionate and public attack against the party's Militant Tendency ... |
| Henry of Grosmont, the Duke of Lancaster | ... nued to use Kenilworth as a royal castle until her fall from power in 1330. | , inherited the castle from his father in 1345 and remodelled the great ha ... |
| Edmund, the Duke of Edinburgh | ... ower. The series follows the exploits of Richard IV's unfavoured second son | (who calls himself "The Black Adder") in his various attempts to increase ... |
| Borrell II | ... s became increasingly independent of the Carolingian power, which the count | made official in 987 when he failed to swear fealty to Hugh Capet, the fir ... |
| Peter III | ... spicious of Catherine upon her accession because she had annulled an act by | that had essentially freed the serfs belonging to the Orthodox Church. Nat ... |
| Franconia | ... ancia (which would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire). The town was part of | , the heartland of East Francia. In the 1170s, the Counts of Nassau, Walra ... |
| Edward | ... urite of George, who liked a relatively simple life. They had six children: | , Albert, Mary, Henry, George, and John |
| John Byron | ... hen this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir | , the Lieutenant of the Tower. The Trained Bands had switched sides, and n ... |
| Michael Heseltine | ... o address this problem, in 1981 the Secretary of State for the Environment, | , formed the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) to redevelop ... |
| Henry II of England | ... a grand jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon, an 1166 act of | . In fact, Henry's chief effect on the development of the English monarchy ... |
| Duchy of Benevento | ... tories between his brother's kingdoms, stretching from the North Sea to the | . The logic of the division was that Lothair had the allegiance of Italy, ... |
| Richard III | ... ared illegitimate. Richard was sent to the Tower of London by the new king, | , in mid-1483, thus ending his claim to both York and Norfolk |
| John Stuart | ... granted in 1770 and incorporated in 1795. Originally named Stuart after Sir | , it was incorporated as Stewartstown after the Revolutionary War, followi ... |
| Antwerp | ... atham, failed to capture the objective, the naval base of French-controlled | . For the most part of the years of the Fifth Coalition, British military ... |
| Henry VIII | When | broke from Rome an era of religious repression began. During the Dissoluti ... |
| Franconia | ... e the fertile terraces of Lower Swabia, which continue north-eastwards into | |
| Emperor Joseph II | In 1780, the son of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, | , toyed with the idea of determining whether or not to enter an alliance w ... |
| King George II | ... architect of Blenheim Palace, John Vanbrugh; prime minister Robert Walpole | ;; and his wife, Queen Caroline. The money she inherited from the Marlboro ... |
| William the Lion, King of Scotland | ... as described as "very strong". It was besieged in 1172 and again in 1174 by | and William was captured outside the walls during the Battle of Alnwick. E ... |
| Edward I | ... y, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under | . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conque ... |
| Emperor Maximilian | ... e, the functions of the Fehmic courts were superseded. By the action of the | and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more rest ... |
| Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr | ... tions of Baron De La Warr, and West came from the second. He was the son of | , of Wherwell Abbey in Hampshire, and his wife, Anne daughter of Sir Franc ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... iminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of inquest used by | in the Domesday Book. In each shire a body of important men was sworn (jur ... |
| Henry II | ... cal rulers continued fighting amongst themselves the Norman King of England | was invited to intervene. He arrived in 1171, took control of much land, a ... |
| Henry II | Bedford traces its borough charter in 1166 by | and elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons |
| Henry Frederick | ... manual on the powers of a king, was written to edify his four-year-old son | king "acknowledgeth himself ordained for his people, having received from ... |
| Charles II of England | ... been made official by law. Virginia was given the title "Dominion" by King | at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown ... |
| Henry VIII | ... seven schools established, or in some cases re-endowed and renamed, by King | during the Dissolution of the Monasteries to pray for his soul. In 2006, 3 ... |
| Charles II of Spain | Following the death of | , in 1700, without any ostensible heir, Charles declared himself King of S ... |
| James I of Scotland | ... d many distinguished prisoners. The heir to the Scottish throne, later King | , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower. ... |
| Lord Brabourne | ... Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma, produced by his son-in-law | and Dominique Lapierre, and Larry Collins's Freedom at Midnight (of which ... |
| Prince George, Duke of York | Albert Victor's brother, | , now second in line to the throne, evidently became close to May during t ... |
| Richard II | The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs (Edward II, | and Henry VI) had been overthrown and murdered by their successors, but ha ... |
| Conrad of Montferrat | ... in Jing Ke's failed assassination of King Qin Shi Huang (227 BC). In 1192, | , the de facto King of Jerusalem, was assassinated by hashshashin |
| John II Casimir | ... because of large scale internal conflicts (e.g. Lubomirski's Rokosz against | and rebellious confederations), corrupted legislative processes and manipu ... |
| Charles I | ... they had moved to a position in the inner ward. Political tensions between | and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... the Edinburgh Festival and included Cook impersonating the Prime Minister, | . This was one of the first occasions satirical political mimicry had been ... |
| Stanley Baldwin | ... itain, and perhaps the world, who did not agree with British Prime Minister | 's 1932 declaration that "The bomber will always get through". He conceive ... |
| Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria | ... river, which moved east and reached Höchstädt on 19 September. Villars and | moved their army of 17,000 to intercept this force, ordering another Frenc ... |
| Henry VIII | On 22 November 1539 the abbey was surrendered to | 's commissioners in the Dissolution of the monasteries. It was awarded to ... |
| James II | ... st. Richard Jennings came into contact with James, Duke of York (the future | , brother of King Charles II) in 1663, during negotiations for the recover ... |
| Ramon Berenguer I | ... based on complex fealties and dependencies. From the time of the triumph of | over the other Catalan counts, the counts of Barcelona stood firmly at the ... |
| the Prince of Wales | ... ved, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of | . The choice of May as bride for the Duke owed much to Queen Victoria's fo ... |
| Cuthbert Collingwood | ... ishop of Westminster (1976–1999) was born in the city in 1923. Vice Admiral | , 1st Baron Collingwood (1748–1810) born in Newcastle upon Tyne; admiral o ... |
| Earl of Plymouth | ... osts became unsustainable, and in 1911 bankruptcy was declared. In 1913 the | purchased it, to save it from developers. A public subscription quickly re ... |
| Eustace de Vesci | ... nd and William was captured outside the walls during the Battle of Alnwick. | , lord of Alnwick, was accused of plotting with Robert Fitzwalter against ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... town later became a favorite residence for many rich New Yorkers, including | , who first moved to Tarrytown in 1893. Kykuit, Rockefeller's elaborate ma ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... elt the humour was outdated and incomprehensible to modern audiences, while | , in his equally praised 1944 film version of the play, staged the comic s ... |
| Alastair Boyd, 7th Baron Kilmarnock | ... ears, Amis shared a house with his first wife Hilary and her third husband, | . Martin wrote the memoir Experience about the life, charm, and decline of ... |
| Richard the Lionheart | ... t to the north, east, and west is the inner ward, built during the reign of | (1189–1199). Finally, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle ... |
| James II | ... d with a prebend had not Baker incurred his displeasure by refusing to read | 's Declaration of Indulgence. The bishop who himself was afterwards specia ... |
| Salvador Dalí | ... ecessor, El Cielo was a concept album. Initially intended to revolve around | 's Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumblebee around a Pomegranate One Seco ... |
| James VI of Scotland | ... the death of Elizabeth in 1603 came the succession of her Scottish cousin, | , to the English throne. He became James I of England, and so brought unde ... |
| King Christian IV | ... 909 and are based on the oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 | (of Denmark and Norway) granted the young city the right to use a seal wit ... |
| John II Sigismund Zápolya | ... ism became official in 1583, following the faith of the only Unitarian King | 1541-1571) were declared as accepted (recepta) religions, while Orthodox C ... |
| Malcolm IV of Scotland | Clan Ross is a Highland Scottish clan first named as such by King | in 1160. The first of the chiefs was Fearchar, Earl of Ross from the O'Beo ... |
| Ramon Berenguer IV | During the reign of | (reigned 1131–1162), several events occurred that would be crucial for the ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... from Alan Bennett's 40 Years On, in which he had appeared in earlier years. | 's friendship with Gielgud was peppered with barely acknowledged competiti ... |
| Yehudi Menuhin | ... acking characteristics of true polyphonism, as pointed out by Eugène Ysaÿe. | , on the other hand, suggested that this might have been the result of his ... |
| Duke of Suffolk | ... liam Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton fought with the Duke of Norfolk and the | against the rebellion. It is to most likely to Catherine's credit that Lor ... |
| John | ... ord of Alnwick, was accused of plotting with Robert Fitzwalter against King | in 1212. In response, John ordered the demolition of Alnwick Castle and Ba ... |
| David Lloyd George | ... llor of the Exchequer was longer than that of any of his predecessors since | , who served from 1908–15. This was subsequently passed by Labour's Gordon ... |
| Robert I, Count of Flanders | ... easily as valid as that of William of Normandy's. With the co-operation of | , his father-in-law, Canute ordered an armada of 1,000 Danish ships and 60 ... |
| Edward II | The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs ( | , Richard II and Henry VI) had been overthrown and murdered by their succe ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... e 1960s, under the 1962 Nassau Agreement that emerged from meetings between | and John F. Kennedy, the United States would supply Britain with Polaris m ... |
| Pedro Ansúrez | ... was a village until king Alfonso VI of León and Castile donated it to count | in 1072. He built a palace (now lost) for himself and his wife, countess E ... |
| Roger Mortimer | ... 1326, however, Edward was deposed by an alliance of Isabella and her lover, | . Edward was eventually captured by Isabella's forces and the custody of t ... |
| Conrad of Montferrat | ... reduced by fever. Young Frederick had to ask the assistance of his kinsman | to lead him safely to Acre, by way of Tyre, where his father's bones were ... |
| Fearchar, Earl of Ross | ... as such by King Malcolm IV of Scotland in 1160. The first of the chiefs was | from the O'Beolain family, also known as 'Fearchar Mac-an-t-sagairt' (mean ... |
| Saer de Quincy | ... half that passed to his younger sister Margaret, and thereby to her husband | who in 1207 was made Earl of Winchester. Napton was still part of the Hono ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... e of conservative neoliberal politicians such as Ronald Reagan in the U.S., | in Britain, and Brian Mulroney in Canada, the Western welfare state was at ... |
| King Richard III | ... Middle Ages, the series is written as a secret history which contends that | won the Battle of Bosworth Field, only to be mistaken for someone else and ... |
| Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex | ... eived his education at Queen's College, Oxford. He served in the army under | , and, in 1601, was charged with supporting Essex's ill-fated insurrection ... |
| John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham | ... der intense French pressure. It ended in disaster after the Army commander, | , failed to capture the objective, the naval base of French-controlled Ant ... |
| George V | ... , the Festival of Empire was held at the building to mark the coronation of | and Queen Mary |
| King Christian IV | The city was named after its founder | in 1641. The last element sand refers to the sandy headland the city was b ... |
| Henry VIII | ... established during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under the auspices of | |
| Clement Attlee | British Prime Minister | commented in the House of Commons |
| Baldwin I of Jerusalem | ... cceeded the following year in wresting Hebron back from the crusaders under | , who personally led the counter-charge to beat the Muslim forces off |
| Henry II the Wrangler | Stephen married Giselle of Bavaria, the daughter of | in or after 995. By this marriage, he became the brother-in-law of the fut ... |
| Henry VIII | ... f the arms (shown to the right) was granted as an Augmentation of Honour by | to Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk to commemorate his victory at the Ba ... |
| Richard II | ... mes under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of | (1377–1399) |
| Charles I | ... o held their tenure at the pleasure of James I of England (VI of Scotland), | and Charles II |
| Ludovico Sforza | ... domain. Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of | for many years, until Charles VIII of France drove Sforza out of Italy. Af ... |
| Henry II of England | ... ristians across Europe. The cry went up for a new crusade to the Holy Land. | and Philip II of France ended their war with each other, and both imposed ... |
| Prince Edmund | ... der character: cunning, shrewd and witty, in sharp contrast to the bumbling | of the first series. To make the show more cost-effective, it was also sho ... |
| Robert Cecil | ... ld, Hertfordshire, England. The present Jacobean house was built in 1611 by | , First Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to King James I and has been ... |
| Holy Roman Emperor Francis II | ... ecisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I and | , after nearly nine hours of difficult fighting. The battle took place nea ... |
| Edward II | ... many of the other English barons, found himself in increasing opposition to | . War broke out in 1322, and Lancaster was captured at the Battle of Borou ... |
| Louis Alexandre Berthier | ... choice on February 5, 1797, when, with the arrival of a letter from General | addressed to the Regents, it was required to arrest and consign the Bishop ... |
| Henry VI of England | ... France, and made his England bleed" – a reminder of the tumultuous reign of | , which Shakespeare had previously brought to the stage in a trilogy of pl ... |
| Christian IX of Denmark | ... ousins through Queen Victoria, and second cousins once removed through King | . Elizabeth fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters. E ... |
| His Grace Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk | ... me a Knight of the Garter until 22 April 1983. The current Duke of Norfolk, | , has not been awarded the Order of the Garter. Thus, the Order of the Gar ... |
| Philip II of France | ... The cry went up for a new crusade to the Holy Land. Henry II of England and | ended their war with each other, and both imposed a "Saladin tithe" on the ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... One notable setting is part of the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings by | |
| Baldwin II of Jerusalem | In the year 1113 during the reign of | , according to Ali of Herat (writing in 1173), a certain part over the cav ... |
| Henry I | ... rt de Beaumont, Count of Meulan held the principal manor of Napton. In 1107 | made de Beaumont Earl of Leicester and de Beaumont's manor at Napton becam ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... h the agency of Prince Henry), Russia (under Catherine), and Austria (under | ) began preparing the ground for the partitions of Poland. In the first pa ... |
| Sir Francis Bacon | The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by | . The method was put forward in Bacon's book Novum Organum (1620), or 'New ... |
| Charles II | ... into contact with James, Duke of York (the future James II, brother of King | ) in 1663, during negotiations for the recovery of an estate in Kent (Agne ... |
| Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge | ... United Kingdom impaled with her family arms – the arms of her grandfather, | (the royal arms used by the House of Hanover), in the 1st and 4th quarters ... |
| Charles Theodore | ... ved with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals, and laid siege to Ingolstadt. | , who had done nothing to prevent wars or to resist the invasion, fled to ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... sile submarines, later reduced to four by the incoming Labour government of | , with 16 missiles to be carried on each ship. The Polaris Sales Agreement ... |
| Carl Hamilton | ... City and mainly took part there in English language productions. He played | , a fictional Swedish secret agent similar to James Bond. He was discovere ... |
| Franconia | ... nal courts of Westphalia which, in turn, were based on the county courts of | . They received their jurisdiction from the Holy Roman Emperor, from whom ... |
| Henry VI | ... trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs (Edward II, Richard II and | ) had been overthrown and murdered by their successors, but had never been ... |
| Charles Grey | ... s by a large margin. Sensing a breakthrough that had been long anticipated, | moved for a second reading in the Commons on 23 February 1807. As tributes ... |
| Jeffrey Archer | ... Declaration document is at risk in Honour Among Thieves (1993), a novel by | in which Saddam Hussein tries to steal the Declaration to burn it publicly ... |
| Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | ... exandra had lost a brother, Friedrich, to the disease, as well as an uncle, | . Her sister Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine was also a carrier of th ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... de his famous proof of uniform acceleration in freefall using mathematics . | , especially in his Novum Organum, argued for a new experimental based app ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... alk over literary subjects, and to read and mutually criticize their works. | offered the society his protection, and in this way (1635) the Académie fr ... |
| Tennyson's | ... of two illustrations by Rossetti for Edward Moxon's illustrated edition of | Poems (1857 |
| Field Marshal Montgomery | ... d of 19 August 1942 (which certain elements of the Allied military, notably | , later claimed was ill-conceived from the start. However at a meeting in ... |
| 1st Duke of York | ... and the second creation had been invalidated by the illegitimisation of the | (one of the Princes in the Tower, who was also 1st Duke of Norfolk) on 25 ... |
| Duke of Norfolk | ... liam Parr and uncle, William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton fought with the | and the Duke of Suffolk against the rebellion. It is to most likely to Cat ... |
| Lord Amherst | ... ar would be eventful with the suicide of Castlereagh and the appointment of | as the Governor-General of India, replacing Hastings. As Raffles grew rest ... |
| Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery | ... om Great Hampden and is revered in Aylesbury to this day and Prime Minister | who lived at Mentmore. Also worthy of note are William Penn who believed h ... |
| Lord Uxbridge | ... in an infantry duel in which Picton fell. It was during this struggle that | launched two of his cavalry brigades on the enemy; the "Union brigade" cat ... |
| Robert Fitzwalter | ... of Alnwick. Eustace de Vesci, lord of Alnwick, was accused of plotting with | against King John in 1212. In response, John ordered the demolition of Aln ... |
| Lord Dorchester | ... s, and pockets of local resistance continued. Some rebel leaders approached | , the British governor of Quebec for assistance, who was reported to promi ... |
| Prince George of Denmark | ... treated the Danes and their monarch with great contempt. This book offended | , the consort of Queen Anne; and the Danish Minister protested |
| William Parr | ... clemency'. Latimer was more than happy to comply. Both Catherine's brother, | and uncle, William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton fought with the Duke of ... |
| Lord Grenville | ... Wilberforce and Charles Fox led the campaign in the House of Commons, while | advocated the cause in the House of Lords |
| Charlotte of Albret | On 10 May 1499, Cesare married | (1480 – 11 March 1514). She was a sister of John III of Navarre. They were ... |
| Robert de Beaumont | The Domesday Book records that in 1086 | , Count of Meulan held the principal manor of Napton. In 1107 Henry I made ... |
| King John | ... sents information for an indictment. The grand jury was later recognized by | in Magna Carta in on demand of the nobility |
| James Francis Edward Stuart | ... St. John, the first Viscount Bolingbroke from declaring for the Pretender, | . The Marlboroughs returned home on the afternoon of Anne's death. The Act ... |
| Fearchar, Earl of Ross | ... s army but was unable to crush the insurgents from Ross and Moray. However, | , with a large body of men from his own clan and his allies, appeared on t ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... ies of the Seventh Coalition, an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the | combined with a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher. It ... |
| Henry III | ... asons. The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when | ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear. Despite ... |
| Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland | ... balls. Churchill, who had previously been a lover of Charles II’s mistress, | , had little to offer financially, as his estates were deeply in debt. Sar ... |
| Roger Bigod | Mill (100 herrings). 43 pigs.' | or Bigot was a Norman Knight who came to England in the Norman Conquest |
| Otto von Bismarck | ... by Richard Lester and starred Malcolm McDowell as Flashman, Oliver Reed as | and Alan Bates as Rudi von Sternberg |
| King Edward VI | ... ssion. In 1553, for example, Framlingham was given to Mary Tudor, sister of | |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... Domingo in 1498, far from the reach of the Medici and the Spanish King, but | soon found out and had Columbus put into chains |
| Lobau | ... additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support. Napoleon sent | 's corps to intercept the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoi ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... hdrawn in 1629, by Louis XIII, following the Siege of La Rochelle, in which | blockaded the city for fourteen months |
| Henry I's | ... ountess Matilda I of Boulogne. When his father seized the English throne on | death in 1135, he became to the English throne |
| Charles II | ... enure at the pleasure of James I of England (VI of Scotland), Charles I and | |
| 4th Duke | ... t creation of the Dukedom of Norfolk had become extinct on the death of the | in 1476, and the second creation had been invalidated by the illegitimisat ... |
| Przemysł II | ... ical reasons—became more common again in Western Europe. The reigns of King | of Poland (1296), William the Silent of the Netherlands (1584), and the Fr ... |
| Roger de Mortimer | ... ntury, including a huge event in 1279, presided over by the royal favourite | , in which a hundred knights competed for three days in the tiltyard in an ... |
| James, Duke of York | ... timate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, | . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession aros ... |
| Hugh Trevor-Roper | ... n Bernadotte and Kersten came to public attention through British historian | . In 1953, Trevor-Roper published an article based on an interview and doc ... |
| Louis IX | ... during the 11th Century and became a favorite pastime of gamblers. In 1254, | issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing. ... |
| King Charles II | During the reign of | , Britannia made her first appearance on English coins on a farthing of 16 ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... red again until 1966 when Donald Mitchell unearthed it. The following year, | conducted the first performance of it since Mahler's time at Aldeburgh. Th ... |
| Anthony Barber | ... ibes an earlier period of rapid expansion under the tenure as chancellor of | in the Conservative government of Sir Edward Heath (1970 to 1974). Critics ... |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson | ... s Stevenson – John Suckling – Algernon Charles Swinburne – George Szirtes – | – Dylan Thomas – Edward Thomas – R. S. Thomas – Francis Thompson – Anthony ... |
| John Churchill | ... the two grew older. In late 1675, when she was still only fifteen, she and | , began courting after having danced together at parties and balls. Church ... |
| Harold II | ... as an ally of William the Conqueror, and is listed as a possible killer of | ; he is also believed to have given William his own horse after the duke's ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... s a literary award established in 1936 in honour of Scottish philanthropist | and given annually to an outstanding book for children and young adults. I ... |
| Count of Meulan | The Domesday Book records that in 1086 Robert de Beaumont, | held the principal manor of Napton. In 1107 Henry I made de Beaumont Earl ... |
| Villars | ... chstädt in Bavaria, and resulted in a French-Bavarian victory under Marshal | against the Austrians under General Limburg Styrum |
| King Edward V | For his support of King Richard III during the deposition of | in 1483, he was created The Duke of Norfolk, third creation, on 28 June 14 ... |
| Almeida Garrett | ... uguese poetry develops its character from the work of its Romantic epitome, | , a very prolific writer who helped shape the genre with the masterpiece ( ... |
| Michael Hicks Beach | ... e Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir | , who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies |
| Malcolm IV | ... Crown came to his youngest son, David. David was succeeded by his grandsons | , and then by William the Lion, the longest-reigning King of Scots before ... |
| Henry IV | ... cousin, Lord Rhys. At the age of seven he was sent to the English court of | as page to the King's Steward. He went on to fight for the English at Agin ... |
| Henry II | ... n, became king of Navarre by his marriage with Catherine of Foix. Their son | , king of Navarre, was created duke of Albret and peer of France in 1550 b ... |
| King William I | ... f the powers gathered at the Congress of Vienna, William proclaimed himself | . He was also made grand duke of Luxembourg, and the title 'Prince of Oran ... |
| Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive | ... igin of the city's name is unknown, it is believed to have been named after | |
| Denis Healey | ... us. Sir Michael founded the institute together with the British Labour M.P. | and journalist Alastair Buchan |
| Christian IV of Denmark | ... ears' War (1618–1648), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, | being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been i ... |
| King Henry II | ... court, but was almost certainly at least known about at the royal court of | of England. Virtually nothing is known of her life; both her given name an ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... 5th century, Bordeaux regained importance following the marriage of Duchess | with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans, who bec ... |
| The Duke of Kent | ... ose friend of the convicted Libyan gun smuggler Tarek Kaituni’. It was from | that the Duke took over in this position, which involves him representing ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... e and a lover of hers, took Fuentes' statement literally and suggested that | wrote Shakespeare's plays and Don Quixote, both claims which are considere ... |
| Louis XVI | ... trumps the Duke's claim by alleging that he is the Lost Dauphin, the son of | and rightful King of France. He continually mispronounces the duke's title ... |
| Leofric, Earl of Mercia | ... a market was granted to the Saxon town by King Edward. In the 11th century | , had a hunting lodge at Bengeworth. Leofric founded Holy Trinity Church w ... |
| The Marquess of Queensberry | The cast was: | , the father of Wilde's intimate friend Lord Alfred Douglas (who was on ho ... |
| Catherine of Foix | ... . John of Albret, son of Alain, became king of Navarre by his marriage with | . Their son Henry II, king of Navarre, was created duke of Albret and peer ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... 3 years after the author's death, was later turned into a play, an opera by | and a film by Peter Ustinov |
| Richard, Duke of Gloucester | ... out the alliance between Hastings and the Woodvilles which was formed while | , was Protector, before he took the throne as King Richard III. She was ac ... |
| Lothair | ... re for the benefit of Charles he met with the opposition of his adult sons, | , Pepin, and Louis. A decade of civil war and fluctuating alliances, punct ... |
| E. H. Harriman | ... ying a six-man team that has been specially outfitted by Union Pacific head | to hunt Butch and Sundance. The robbers flee in multiple directions, but t ... |
| Christina of Sweden | ... entral Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), with | , Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable propone ... |
| Maximilian I | ... ing, and also successor of Philip, count palatine of the Rhine. The emperor | , interested as archduke of Austria and count of Tirol, interfered in the ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... d of November 1967, earlier than had been planned by British Prime Minister | and without an agreement on the succeeding governance. Their enemies, the ... |
| John III the Good | ... , Duchess of Burgundy. They had a daughter, Joan (Giovanna), who married to | , duke of Brittany. but was childles |
| Peter Haden-Guest | Guest was born in New York City, the son of | , a British United Nations diplomat who later became The 4th Baron Haden-G ... |
| William II | ... ded to abdicate in 1840. Royal power was curbed during the reign of his son | in a constitution ordered by the King to prevent the Revolution of 1848 fr ... |
| Philip II of France | ... he spent little time in England, instead concentrating on the war with King | , which began with Philip's attempts to acquire Richard's possessions on t ... |
| George II | ... ow in England. Set in , the house was completed in 1729 during the reign of | and designed by Lord Burlington. William Kent (1685–1748), who took a lead ... |
| Christina of Sweden | ... ite of the city of Wilmington, which they named Fort Christina, after Queen | |
| Peter II | ... gainst the Almohads. Castilians under Alfonso, Aragonese and Catalans under | , Navarrese under Sancho VII, and Franks under the archbishop Arnold of Na ... |
| Peter III of Russia | ... 1754 – 23 March 1801), officially fathered by Catherine's husband, Emperor | , but claimed by Catherine to be the son of her lover, Count Serge Saltyko |
| Frederick II of Hohenstaufen | ... ilt by Roger II of Sicily around 1131. Destroyed in 1156, it was rebuilt by | . The castle now serves as a gallery for a variety of temporary exhibition ... |
| Louis VIII of France | ... ring Albi). After the citizens refused to open the gates of Avignon to King | and the papal Legate, a three month siege ensued starting on 10 June 1226, ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... e River Thames. It was originally built for Cardinal Wolsey, a favourite of | , circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed t ... |
| Alan Sugar | ... riod through the purchase of the remaining 14.7% holding of former chairman | 's . and those belonging to who held a 9.9 per cent stake through Hodram I ... |
| Louis XVIII | ... ater lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by | and Napoleon III, only being re-instated briefly after the July Revolution ... |
| William IV | ... e British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was | : Salic law, which required succession by the male line, forbade the acces ... |
| Lothair I | ... was the King of Italy and Roman Emperor from 844, co-ruling with his father | until 855, after which he ruled alone. Louis's usual title was imperator a ... |
| Lord Burlington | ... e house was completed in 1729 during the reign of George II and designed by | . William Kent (1685–1748), who took a leading role in designing the garde ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... inting artist John Walker. The prize was awarded by celebrity presenter Sir | |
| Louis de Broglie | ... blished that light carries momentum and can scatter off particles, and when | asserted that matter can be seen as behaving as a wave in much the same wa ... |
| Saxe-Eisenach | ... rlin (also a native of Nuremberg), in the employ of Johann Georg I, Duke of | . He met members of the Bach family in Eisenach (which was the home city o ... |
| Paul I of Russia | #Emperor | (1 October 1754 – 23 March 1801), officially fathered by Catherine's husba ... |
| Richard III | ... t, Elizabeth Woodville. When the Duke of Gloucester became King in 1483, as | , both Elizabeth and her mother Alice were appointed ladies-in-waiting to ... |
| William I of Geneva | In 1195 he ambushed the party of Count | , which was escorting the count's daughter, Margaret of Geneva, to France ... |
| Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset | ... ok, that it was published as "propaganda" for reformist interests backed by | or other high-placed aristocrats, and that Crowley added interpretive glos ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | In 1921 the economist | published a book on probability theory, A Treatise of Probability. Keynes ... |
| Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York | ... the monarchy), Richard III is described as "the undoubted son and heir" of | , and "born in this land" — an oblique reference to his brother's birth at ... |
| Charles II | ... was very politically astute and secured the charter from the newly restored | , who granted the most liberal political terms |
| Montagu family | ... sion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the | for £20,000. The Trustees rejected Buckingham House, on the site now occup ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... e for Thomas Kiddell and as a justice of the peace. His father, Sir Thomas, | 's chamberlain, also secured a joint patent in survivorship with his son f ... |
| Duke of Richmond | During February 1844, the | initiated the Central Agricultural Protection Society (CAPS, commonly know ... |
| Charles II | The principal advisor to | , the Earl of Clarendon remarked on the matter, "and from those contestati ... |
| George Foulkes | ... aders (and other Electronic Games) Bill" drafted by British Labour Party MP | attempted to ban the game for its "addictive properties" and for causing " ... |
| Richard | ... vember. Only in the summer of 882, Vienne was taken after being besieged by | , Count of Autun |
| Henry VII | ... bourgeois respectability. Lynom lost his position as King's Solicitor when | defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485, but he was ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... se War is on and Tsar Nicholas (Michael Jayston) is warned by Count Witte ( | ) and Grand Duke Nicholas (Harry Andrews) that the war is futile and costi ... |
| Albert IV | ... later became sole ruler in spite of the claims of his two younger brothers. | , called the Wise, added the district of Abensberg to his possessions, and ... |
| Louis XV | ... pulation was not forced out but rather their religion was declared illegal. | ordered all blacks to be deported from France, but was unsuccessful |
| Salvador Dalí | ... Walt Disney as one of the studio's most gifted artists and teamed him with | on the animated short Destino, a project begun in 1945 that was not comple ... |
| Philip II of France | ... 's daughter, Margaret of Geneva, to France for her intended wedding to King | . Thomas carried off Marguerite and married her himself, producing some ei ... |
| King Christian IX | ... lace in Kongens Lyngby on Zealand during the reign of his great-grandfather | . His father was Prince Christian of Denmark (later King Christian X), the ... |
| Henry II | ... er. In 1157, the abbey was given the manor of Glossop in Derbyshire by King | . The hilltop Monks' Road and the Abbot's Chair in Glossop is a reminder o ... |
| George V | ... rincipally at English speakers in the outposts of the British Empire, or as | put it in the first-ever , the "men and women, so cut off by the snow, the ... |
| George I Louis | ... of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was | , who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ... |
| Friedrich IV | In 1414 Oswald became a member of the entourage of | , Duke of Austria and Count of Tyrol at the Council of Constance (1414–141 ... |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson | ... govia as a fittingly opulent Camelot. The symbolism of Camelot so impressed | that he wrote up a prose sketch on the castle as one of his earliest attem ... |
| Meinhard II of Tyrol | ... bed by the chronicler John of Viktring on the occasion of the coronation of | in 1286. It is also mentioned in Jean Bodin's book Six livres de la Républ ... |
| Emperor Charles V | ... after the birth in Flanders of Joanna and Philip's second child (the future | ), the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into tu ... |
| Edward, the Black Prince | ... ar withdraws at the last minute after learning his true identity is that of | (who assumed another identity hoping he will get a rare chance to compete ... |
| Louis VII of France | ... aimed at all his friends and supporters as well as Becket himself; but King | offered Becket protection. He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abb ... |
| Earl of Clarendon | The principal advisor to Charles II, the | remarked on the matter, "and from those contestations the two terms of Rou ... |
| Charles II | ... stic office despite the changes through the course of several monarchs from | to George I. A comic opera covers a later period in 18th century history, ... |
| Richard | ... e Province of Leinster. In 1781 Arthur's father died and his eldest brother | inherited his father's earldom |
| Bertrand Russell | ... 's theories, produced early labour values theories. Some writers (including | and Karl Marx) think the labour theory of value can be traced back to him. ... |
| Edward III of England | ... ly associated with the status of knighthood. At the Battle of Crécy (1346), | sent his son, Edward, the Black Prince, to lead the charge into battle and ... |
| Charles I | ... ntury history, while a film set in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland, covers | , the English Civil War, the Commonwealth of England, The Protectorate, an ... |
| The Marquess of Queensberry | ... g night marked the climax of Wilde's career but also heralded his downfall. | , father of Lord Alfred Douglas, an intimate friend of Wilde, planned to p ... |
| Charles, duke of Lorraine | ... le de Montpensier, while the archduke took more fortresses in Flanders, and | , with an army of plundering mercenaries, marched through Champagne to joi ... |
| P. D. James | ... s 1969 Modesty Blaise thriller, A Taste for Death, also the inspiration for | ' 1986 crime novel, A Taste for Death, the seventh in her Adam Dalgliesh s ... |
| John IV | ... Bohemia in 1440. He died in 1460, leaving five sons, the two elder of whom, | and Sigismund, reigned in common until the death of John in 1463. The thir ... |
| Ernest the Iron | ... later Duchy of Carinthia. It was last performed in 1414, when the Habsburg | was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia. The ritual took place on the Prince's ... |
| Charles II | ... e of quo warranto was the action taken against the Corporation of London by | in 1683. The King's Bench adjudged the charter and franchises of the city ... |
| Catherine de' Medici | ... n a box called a cadena; this usage was introduced to the French court with | 's entourage |
| Prince George of Denmark | ... her out when Anne suffered bereavement. After the death of Anne's husband, | in 1708, Sarah arrived uninvited at Kensington Palace to find Anne with th ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... ions and four wins), Jack Nicholson (twelve nominations and three wins) and | (ten nominations and one win) |
| George IV | ... he final three joint rulers (1760–1837), there was only one short visit, by | in 1821. From 1816 to 1837 Viceroy Adolphus represented the monarch in Han ... |
| King George II | ... ot wishing to see his collection broken up after death, he bequeathed it to | , for the nation, for the princely sum of £20,000 |
| Edward IV of England | ... abeth "Jane" Shore (c.1445 – c.1527) was one of the many mistresses of King | , the first of the three whom he described respectively as "the merriest, ... |
| Edward, the Black Prince | ... ghthood. At the Battle of Crécy (1346), Edward III of England sent his son, | , to lead the charge into battle and when pressed to send reinforcements, ... |
| Frederick III | ... ties of the Franc (Flanders), nor Imperial support from Maximilian's father | proving decisive. Both sides came to terms in the Peace of Senlis in 1493, ... |
| Yehudi Menuhin | ... Armstrong, Dean Martin, Al Jolson, Bobby Darin, Percy Grainger, Art Tatum, | , Bing Crosby, The Moody Blues, Janis Joplin, John Coltrane, Frank Sinatra ... |
| Montesquieu | ... ng (as she frankly admitted) the philosophers of Western Europe, especially | and Cesare Beccaria |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber | ... iammetta (1878), one of Rossetti's last paintings, now in the collection of | (model: Marie Spartali Stillman |
| Henry VII | ... as a military balance to the nearby castle of Warwick. With the victory of | at Bosworth, Kenilworth again received royal attention; Henry visited freq ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... built a legacy bringing to Westminster College world leaders: Lech Wałęsa, | , Harry S Truman, Gerald R. Ford, Ronald W. Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Mikh ... |
| Lord Byron | Mary and Percy Shelley and | holidayed by the lake and wrote ghost stories, one of which became the bas ... |
| Henry VIII | The chief minister of | , the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer suggested removal of the Rom ... |
| David Lloyd George | During the Second Dáil the Irish Republic and the British Government of | agreed to hold peace negotiations. As President of Dáil Éireann (Priomh Ai ... |
| Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr | ... port, they encountered another fleet of supply ships under the new Governor | in the James River off Mulberry Island with reinforcements of men and supp ... |
| Louis XVIII | ... 2, when Hugo was only twenty years old, and earned him a royal pension from | . Though the poems were admired for their spontaneous fervor and fluency, ... |
| Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | ... cluded a review of alternative theories, such as those of Thomas Burnet and | |
| Earl of Strafford | ... n of the term to a remark made by Queen Henrietta Maria at the trial of the | earlier that year; referring to John Pym, she asked who the roundheaded ma ... |
| Edward I of England | Quo warranto had its origins in an attempt by King | to investigate and recover royal lands, rights, and franchises in England, ... |
| King Henry II | ... ly member of the family to Ireland was during 1171, as a Standard Bearer to | . The surnames "Wesley" was adopted from a childless wealthy cousin, Garre ... |
| Marie I of Boulogne | ... bury and half-sister to Henry II, King of England; Marie, Abbess of Reading | ;; Marie, Abbess of Barking; and Marie de Meulan, wife of Hugh Talbot |
| William, Prince of Orange | ... should the battle be lost. They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under | 's younger brother Prince Frederik of the Netherlands |
| John VI of Portugal | ... one another. In the Portuguese colony, the heir apparent Pedro, son of King | , proclaimed the country's independence in 1822 and became Brazil's first ... |
| Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset | ... She also became a courtesan to other noblemen, including Edward's stepson, | , and William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, his close friend and advisor |
| Albert III | ... gth, died in 1438. In 1440 the whole of Bavaria-Munich came to Ernest's son | , who had become estranged from his father owing to his union with the unf ... |
| Otto I | ... erbert with him. There Gerbert met Pope John XIII (965–972) and the Emperor | , surnamed the Great (936–973). The Pope persuaded Otto I to employ Gerber ... |
| Richard III | ... England, founding the Tudor dynasty, when his supporters defeated those of | at Bosworth Field in 1485. While the Wars of the Roses effectively ended a ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... ng scale and during the next year Huskisson and the new Prime Minister, the | , devised a new sliding scale for the Importation of Corn Act 1828 whereby ... |
| Lord Cochrane | ... ower and real naval officers of the period, among them Sir George Cockburn, | , Sir James Gordon, Sir William Hoste and many others. The actions of the ... |
| William I, Count of Burgundy | ... the Church around 1070–73. In 1074 Pope Gregory VII was trying to persuade | , to remember this vow and, with Amadeus and others, go to the defence of ... |
| Eric of Pomerania | ... r married Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430 – 25 November 1495), in Copenhagen. | was deposed as king of Denmark and Sweden in 1439. As Eric's nephew, Chris ... |
| Charles II | ... tability (some would say amorality) over half a century, from the reigns of | to George I. Over this period, he embraced whichever form of liturgy, Prot ... |
| Harold Wilson | In 1964, the new British government under | announced their intention to hand over power to the Federation of South Ar ... |
| William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings | ... lemen, including Edward's stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, and | , his close friend and advisor |
| John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute | ... about patriotism in general, but the false use of the term "patriotism" by | (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson opposed "self-professed ... |
| Henry II, King of England | ... s twelfth century poet are: Marie, Abbess of Shaftesbury and half-sister to | ; Marie, Abbess of Reading; Marie I of Boulogne; Marie, Abbess of Barking; ... |
| Thomas, Earl of Surrey | ... ugh maternal) grandson of the 1st Duke of the 1st creation. His eldest son, | carried the sword of state |
| Prince George of Denmark | In 1702, he was at Epsom when | , husband of Queen Anne fell ill. According to tradition, Arbuthnot treate ... |
| Henry VI | ... land on 22 August 1422. The Queen initially lived with her infant son, King | , before moving to Wallingford Castle early in his reign and taking Tudor ... |
| Charles XIII | ... he Swedish throne because the Swedish royal family was dying out with King | . Baron Carl Otto Mörner (22 May 1781 – 17 August 1868), who was a Swedish ... |
| Emperor Henry III | ... ed, in Juan de Mariana, who wrote that in 1055, at a synod in Florence, the | urged Victor II to prohibit under severe penalties the use of the imperial ... |
| Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena | ... his children. However, Pachelbel spent only one year in Eisenach. In 1678, | , Johann Georg's brother, died and during the period of mourning court mus ... |
| Louis VIII | ... his son, also named Raymond. In 1223, Philippe II died and was succeeded by | . In 1224, Amaury de Montfort abandoned Carcassonne. The son of Raymond-Ro ... |
| Duke of Normandy | Elizabeth II's traditional title as Head of State is | . "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in ... |
| Charles V | ... ci. Bandinelli, a supporter of the Medici, was also exiled. In 1530 Emperor | retook Florence after a long siege. Pope Clement VII subsequently installe ... |
| Władysław II the Exile | ... m the 11th-12th centuries it was also a castellany. After the death of Duke | , Silesia was divided in 1163 between two Piast lines- the Wrocławska line ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... d to England to raise the king's ransom. Richard wrote to his mother, Queen | , that Walter should be chosen for the see of Canterbury, as well as to th ... |
| Lazare Carnot | But not all the credit for the innovations of this period go to Napoleon. | played a large part in the reorganization of the French army from 1793 to ... |
| William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings | ... r the title of “The Rose of London”. She attracted many suitors, among them | , friend and confidant of Edward IV. It is likely Hastings fell in love wi ... |
| Peter III of Aragon | ... e 11th century. The ancient countship later became a duchy (1351) when King | gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, John. In 1414, King Ferdinan ... |
| Edward Montagu | ... ter of constitutional monarchy, as did many other roundhead leaders such as | |
| Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden | Winterberg was declared a city by | (1238-’61) about 1270. The foundation of the city of Winterberg was presum ... |
| Lazare Carnot | ... ctionary cites the first English-language usage in 1799 in a translation of | 's letter on the Coup of 18 Fructidor |
| Henry VIII | ... nerations down to Catherine's sister, Anne, who would serve all six of King | 's |
| Caesar de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin | ... ainst the invaders; the royal army in Champagne was in the capable hands of | , who counted 52 years of age and 36 of war experience; and the little for ... |
| Infanta Joanna | ... rived from a council of Burgundian notables. On 20 October 1496, he married | , daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, ... |
| Charles II of Spain | In 1701, following the death in late 1700 of King | , war broke out over who should succeed him to the Spanish throne. Althoug ... |
| King Richard III | For his support of | during the deposition of King Edward V in 1483, he was created The Duke of ... |
| George I | ... ious Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small committee of advisers. Under | even more power passed to this committee. It now began to meet in the abse ... |
| Edward, Earl of March | ... , Owen led the Lancastrian forces at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross against | . They were defeated. Owen was subsequently executed, beheaded at Hereford ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... t. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by | of Burgundy. In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from th ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... serves as an important throughline in the film, as suggested by the title. | sets the opening scene of his 1944 film of Henry V in the tiring room of t ... |
| Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile. The son of | , Philip inherited the greater part of the Duchy of Burgundy and the Burgu ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under | and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I |
| Joseph Fourier | Taking his mathematical cues from the heat flow work of | (and his own religious and geological convictions), Thomson believed that ... |
| Henry III | In 1585 Pasquier was appointed by | advocate-general at the Paris cours des comptes, an important body having ... |
| James I of Aragon | ... December 31, 1229, after three months of siege, the city was reconquered by | and was renamed Palma de Mallorca. In addition to being kept as capital of ... |
| Henry V of England | ... p with, and probable secret marriage to, Catherine of Valois, widow of King | |
| Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig | ... cey, Roger Blake, Denis Lill, Warren Clarke and Geoffrey Palmer, who played | in "Goodbyeee", the final, fatal episode of Blackadder Goes Forth |
| Laurence Olivier | ... prominent supporting character in the 1937 film Fire Over England, starring | , Vivien Leigh, and Flora Robson. Burghley (spelled Burleigh in the film) ... |
| Henry II | ... 16 against King John, it was Blanche's English ancestry as granddaughter to | that led to Louis being offered the throne of England as Louis I. However, ... |
| Lord Goldsmith | Before the invasion, the then UK Attorney General | , advised that the war would be in breach of international law for six rea ... |
| House of Glücksburg | ... xandrine, born Duchess of Mecklenburg, and the fourth Danish monarch of the | |
| Duchy of Savoy | ... ainst Napoleon, and later served as Ambassador in Turin, the capital of the | |
| Louis IX | ... comprised almost entirely family feuds. He died in July 1450, and his son, | (called the Rich) succeeded. About this time Bavaria began to recover some ... |
| Stanley Baldwin | ... Prime Minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over for the job in favour of | , despite having written Bonar Law a lengthy letter earlier in the year co ... |
| Edward Hyde | ... o ask it to pass finance bills, since the Bishops' Wars had bankrupted him. | recalled the subdued tone of his entrance to Parliament |
| Oscar II | ... an). Due to the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, | had to change his motto |
| Duchy of Brabant | ... oped in Leuven (Lúbhan in Irish and Louvain historically in English) in the | , now in Flanders (northern Belgium). The Flight of the Earls, in 1607, le ... |
| Leopold II | ... the language of administration. The enlightened absolutism of Joseph II and | , who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Czech ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... 1983, he made his second onscreen appearance with fellow theatrical knights | and Ralph Richardson (following Olivier's own Richard III) in a television ... |
| Philip the Good | ... ken – to Italy and Spain, and he received commissions from, amongst others, | , Netherlandish nobility and foreign princes. By the latter half of the fi ... |
| Edward VI | ... the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young | , continued with further religious reforms but his early death in 1553 pre ... |
| Christian I | ... ied suddenly at Helsingborg in 1448. On 28 October 1449, Dorothea remarried | . King Christopher was buried in Roskilde Cathedral. In 1654 his Wittelsba ... |
| Bolko I of Opole | ... 1327 and Magdeburg rights in 1410. Opole developed during the rule of duke | . In this time the castle was finally completed and new buildings, includi ... |
| Otto von Bismarck | ... ents to the imperial constitution that replaced the authoritarian system of | with a parliamentary system |
| Borrell II of Barcelona | ... ce. Around 963, he entered the monastery of St. Gerald of Aurillac. In 967, | (947–992), visited the monastery, and the abbot asked the Count to take Ge ... |
| George III | ... d Hanover. The Convention also meant the disbanding of the army of Hanover. | did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. As a result of this, a great ... |
| King George V | Guisborough has a King George's Field in memory of | , and the town's football team Guisborough Town FC plays on the King Georg ... |
| Bertrand Russell's | ... ologians. Reverend Canon Brian Hebblethwaite, for example, preached against | |
| Earl of Uxbridge | ... y of his staff officers on Wellington, including his second-in-command, the | . Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had carte blanche from Wellington to ... |
| William of Mandeville | ... ks, the Fables, is dedicated to a "Count William", who may have been either | or William Marshall. However, it has also been suggested that Count Willia ... |
| Charles I | The sole reason | assembled Parliament in 1640 was to ask it to pass finance bills, since th ... |
| Richard the Lionheart | ... alls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings | , Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layo ... |
| Earl of Suffolk | ... ch included a mutual defence pact, the extradition of rebels, including the | who as an exile was a guest of Philip in the Low Countries, and a trade ag ... |
| Guelders | ... ptured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of | , took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Char ... |
| Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset | Jane also had two other lovers: the queen's eldest son | , and William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings. Grey's wife was the wealthy he ... |
| Victor, 5th duc de Broglie | ... roglie was born to a noble family in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, younger son of | . He became the 7th duc de Broglie upon the death without heir in 1960 of ... |
| Ramon Berenger | ... was carried off by the French in 1809. The cathedral contains the tombs of | and his wife |
| Charles I | ... the higher proportion of Calvinists and other Reformed churches, as well as | 's refusal to take up the case of some Guernsey seamen who had been captur ... |
| Borrell II of Barcelona | ... celona, and probably also at the nearby Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. | was facing major defeat from the Andalusian powers so he sent a delegation ... |
| Edward III | ... ng of the king's eldest daughter; and by a statute of the 25th year of King | , sleeping with the king's eldest daughter before her marriage constitutes ... |
| Anne Boleyn | The ghost of | , beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII, allegedly haunts the ch ... |
| d'Holbach | ... heir actions are determined. "Hard determinists", such as Martin Luther and | , are those incompatibilists who accept determinism and reject free will. ... |
| Saigō Takamori | ... o convinced Ōkubo that the tobaku movement was doomed. In 1866, he met with | and Chōshū Domain's Kido Takayoshi to form the secret Satcho Alliance to o ... |
| Henry V of England | ... fe of Henry the Fifth (in the First Folio text). It tells the story of King | , focusing on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt ... |
| Edward IV | ... or Woodville), sister of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, father of King | consort, Elizabeth Woodville. When the Duke of Gloucester became King in 1 ... |
| Charles II | ... ore the restoration of the monarchy, the Protector's Council was abolished. | restored the royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, c ... |
| Peter III | ... rts during the reign of Catherine. Under her leadership, she completed what | had started; the church’s lands were appropriated, and the budget of both ... |
| Lyon Playfair | For example, in 1854 | (later 1st Baron Playfair, GCB, PC, FRS (1 May 1818 – 29 May 1898), a Brit ... |
| Joseph II | ... ace German as the language of administration. The enlightened absolutism of | and Leopold II, who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise ... |
| Henry IV of France | ... ardinal Richelieu, to enter the war on the Protestant side. (Louis's father | had once been a Huguenot leader.) In 1635 Ferdinand signed his last import ... |
| King Charles I | ... n applauded the English people for having the courage to depose and execute | . In his poem, however, he takes the side of 'Heav'n's awful Monarch' (iv ... |
| Edward VI | ... o prominence under Henry VIII and became the leading political figure under | . Dudley was a patron of John Shute, an early exponent of classical archit ... |
| Mary of Burgundy | ... of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands (as Philip IV) from his mother, | , and briefly succeeded to the Crown of Castile as the husband of Queen Jo ... |
| Henry Tudor | ... ately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by | , in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field |
| Lothair II | ... ll a minor, went Provence. To the second eldest and namesake of his father, | , went the remaining territories to the north of Provence, a kingdom which ... |
| Henry III | ... were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, | , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout establis ... |
| Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie | ... th duc de Broglie upon the death without heir in 1960 of his older brother, | , also a physicist. He did not marry. When he died in Louveciennes, he was ... |
| Henry VIII's | ... ishment except death, without being bound by normal court procedure. During | reign, the Sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact l ... |
| Stanisław Leszczyński | ... use of Habsburg and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont: The Duchy was given to | , the former king of Poland and father-in-law to King Louis XV of France, ... |
| Alan Bullock | ... cal police, ignored the order. Researchers, including William L. Shirer and | , are of the opinion that the NSDAP itself was responsible for starting th ... |
| Philip II | ... the Kingdom of Spain until 1561, when the city was destroyed by a fire and | , born here, moved the capital to Madrid, starting a period of decadence f ... |
| King George I | ... James II & VII, and Princess Sophia Dorothea (1687–1757), only daughter of | , were eligible for this honour but did not receive it. At the time she be ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ntly and had a tennis court constructed at the castle for his use. His son, | , decided that Kenilworth should be maintained as a royal castle. He aband ... |
| Ernest Rutherford | ... perty of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. | and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel’s forms of radiation with ... |
| Arthur, Prince of Wales | ... man who sat on the commissions in the Welsh Marches and clerk controller to | , at Ludlow Castle. Thomas More, writing when she was still alive, but old ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... g located in downtown Medford. It was erected in 1911 thanks to a gift from | , but was vacated in 2004 after a new library building was constructed nea ... |
| Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor | ... he "false emperor" Dietrich Holzschuh, called Tile Kolup, who claimed to be | (who actually had already died, in Italy in 1250) came to Wetzlar. When th ... |
| Henry | ... 1216, the barons changed their allegiance to John's son, the nine-year-old | |
| Eric of Pomerania | ... merania-Stolp, and Catherine of Pomerania, sister of the Scandinavian king, | . Count Palatine John was a son of King Rupert of Germany. In 1445, Christ ... |
| Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie | ... When he died in Louveciennes, he was succeeded as duke by a distant cousin, | |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... verwhelming in the empire triggered France, led by Louis XIII of France and | , to enter the war on the Protestant side. (Louis's father Henry IV of Fra ... |
| Guelders | ... not establish permanent control. In 1514/15 Groningen came to the Duchy of | , and in 1536 to the Habsburg Netherlands. In 1594, Groningen was conquere ... |
| Clement Attlee | ... egion and in particular his perceived Labour sympathies at that time led to | appointing him Viceroy of India after the war, charged with overseeing the ... |
| Lord Byron | ... et, among other notables, the sculptors John Gibson and Antonio Canova, and | 's friend, the adventurer Edward John Trelawny. Severn made a sketch of Tr ... |
| James J. Hill | ... las Beachley, arrived later that year. With investments from railroad owner | and Helena businessman Charles Arthur Broadwater, houses, a store, and a f ... |
| Kido Takayoshi | ... ovement was doomed. In 1866, he met with Saigō Takamori and Chōshū Domain's | to form the secret Satcho Alliance to overthrow the Tokugawa |
| Władysław IV | ... dynastic distractions during the reigns of the Vasa kings Sigismund III and | . The Commonwealth fought wars with Russia, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire ... |
| King Charles I | ... te. This unfortunate quarrel became the fruitful source of infinite evil to | and to his government. Two parties were formed in the cabinet, and through ... |
| Henry Fox | ... legitimate son of Charles II of England. In 1744, Lady Caroline eloped with | , a politician who was eighteen years her senior. Though her parents disap ... |
| Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Earl of Hertford | ... s of Bertie County, Chowan County, and Northampton County. It was named for | , later 1st Marquess of Hertford |
| Louis XV of France | ... Stanisław Leszczyński, the former king of Poland and father-in-law to King | , who despite French support had lost out to a candidate backed by Russia ... |
| William IV's | In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended as | heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). According to Salic ... |
| Philip III | ... him. It was made the capital of the kingdom again between 1601 and 1606 by | . The city was again damaged by a flood of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers |
| Alan Sugar | Secondly, Amstrad founder | wanted the machine to resemble a “real computer, similar to what someone w ... |
| King Charles II | ... ry of New Providence begins in 1664 when James, Duke of York and brother to | , purchased the land from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans. This acquisit ... |
| Henry VIII | ... agued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, | , was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with ... |
| Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor | ... exerting a dominating influence on the surrounding Ommelanden. Around 1500, | gave Groningen and Friesland to Albert, Duke of Saxony, who could however ... |
| King James II | Princess Louisa Maria (1692–1712), the last daughter of | (d. 1701), born after he lost his crown in the Glorious Revolution, was gi ... |
| Edward VII | ... es from 1403. The office was raised to the dignity of lord mayor in 1910 by | "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East A ... |
| Ernest Augustus | ... herited by males. As a consequence, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, | , and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during ... |
| Charles II | ... handed over to England, as promised, so flying the St George's Cross until | sold it to the king of France in 1662 |
| Wilhelm von Gennep | ... ed by Gottfried IV. von Arnsberg during his war with the Cologne archbishop | . For the reconstruction the archbishop granted an at first ten-year-old t ... |
| Raymond III of Tripoli | ... umphrey IV of Toron to Isabella of Jerusalem. The siege was raised by Count | , and Raynald was quiet until 1186 |
| Philip II | ... and he did not persecute his Protestant subjects on a large scale. His son | inherited his antipathy for the Protestants but not his moderation. Under ... |
| William Beveridge | In the UK, the Labour Party was influenced by the British social reformer | , who had identified five "Giant Evils" afflicting the working class of th ... |
| Louis VIII | ... arch 1188 – 26 November 1252), was a Queen consort of France as the wife of | . She acted as regent twice during the reign of her son, Louis IX |
| Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor | Gregory interfered little in European politics, beyond assisting | , and the Catholic League against the Protestants--to the tune of a millio ... |
| John of Denmark | ... ion to his distant kinsman Sten Sture the Elder, going as far as supporting | . Unwillingly he then switched sides and supported Sten Sture in overthrow ... |
| Duke of Gloucester | ... arl Rivers, father of King Edward IV consort, Elizabeth Woodville. When the | became King in 1483, as Richard III, both Elizabeth and her mother Alice w ... |
| Leopold I | ... the Mutual Pact of Succession he had signed during the reign of his father, | . Charles sought the other European powers' approval. They exacted harsh t ... |
| Ferdinand II | After Emperor | began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Bohem ... |
| Ralph the Staller | After the Norman Conquest, | ’s property was taken over by Count Alan a . It subsequently came to be at ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... the 1979 elections resulted in the victory of its Conservative Party under | in 1979. Industrialized countries, except Japan, experienced an economic r ... |
| Louis VII | ... and with his brother, John of Bavaria-Munich. On his death in 1413 his son | , called the Bearded, succeeded. Before his accession, this restless and q ... |
| Lord John Russell | ... he Corn Laws. His colleagues resisted this. Soon afterwards the Whig leader | declared in favour of repeal. On 4 December 1845 an announcement appeared ... |
| Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham | ... t of which is believed to come word-for-word from the petition presented by | , to the assembly which met on June 25, 1483, to decide on the future of t ... |
| George I | ... five original towers; Christopher Wren's Lion gate built for Queen Anne and | ; and the Tudor and 17th-century perimeter walls |
| Malcolm IV of Scotland | ... tury, when it was recorded as "Inverlethane". It is said that a son of King | (who was staying at Traquair House on a hunting trip), drowned accidentall ... |
| Michael Heseltine | Meanwhile | had introduced a comprehensive system of corporate and business planning ( ... |
| Henry IV | ... d at Tours, working steadily at his great book, but he returned to Paris in | 's train in March 1594. He continued until 1604 at his work in the chambre ... |
| Viscount Mandeville | ... n Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode along with | (the future Earl of Manchester) who sat in the House of Lords, had encoura ... |
| Henry III | ... osopher David Hume, in his history of England, recounts how in the reign of | (r.1216 - 1272) the English Navy destroyed an invading French fleet, by bl ... |
| Wartislaw VII | ... hn, Count Palatine of Neumarkt, and Catherine of Pomerania, the daughter of | , Duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp, and Catherine of Pomerania, sister ... |
| Fourier | ... nsive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. | founded a new branch of mathematics — infinite, periodic series — studied ... |
| James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare | ... t daughters be entrusted to the care of their sister Emily and her husband, | . Lady Caroline resented this slight but hoped to redeem herself by presen ... |
| Antwerp | ... Allied forces. This caused the remaining V-1s to be directed at the port of | and other targets in Belgium, with 2,448 V-1s being launched. The attacks ... |
| Edward III | ... l lion was, according to Wilfrid Scott-Giles, "said to have been granted by | ". By the 19th century the city corporation had added supporters, two ange ... |
| Clement Attlee | ... ister in the world: Chris Watson. In 1945, the British Labour Party, led by | , was elected to office based upon a radical socialist programme. Social D ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... ngs used the same actors in a lot of their films, including Ian Carmichael, | , Terry-Thomas, Dennis Price, John Le Mesurier, Irene Handl and Miles Mall ... |
| John II | ... part of the duchy amongst Stephen's three sons, Stephen III, Frederick and | , who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich |
| Casimir I of Opole | In the early 13th century Duke | decided to move the settlement from the Pasieka island into the right shor ... |
| Henry IV of Castile | ... rder of Santiago, Lord of Castellanos, a Maestresala official instructor of | and General of the Frontier of Portugal. Pedro de Alvarado's mother was Di ... |
| Henry | ... to Italy in 1605, and during 1611–12 arranged to sell Kenilworth Castle to | , the Prince of Wales. Henry died before completing the full purchase, whi ... |
| Ferdinand | ... g year, leaving a pregnant Joanna behind in Madrid, where she gave birth to | , later Holy Roman Emperor. Philip's life with Joanna was rendered extreme ... |
| Philip Augustus | In consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet between | and John of England, Blanche's sister Urraca was betrothed to Philip's son ... |
| Frederick | ... ed the greater part of the duchy amongst Stephen's three sons, Stephen III, | and John II, who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, Landshut an ... |
| Afonso VI of Portugal | ... n was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon by which, on January 1, 1668, King | formally ceded Ceuta to Carlos II of Spain. However, the originally Portug ... |
| King George VI | ... x years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the peerage by | as the Viscount Bennett of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgar ... |
| Lord Stanley | ... d decided to recall Parliament during January 1846 to repeal the Corn Laws. | resigned from the Cabinet in protest. The next day Peel resigned as Prime ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... from "Oggie" to "Ozzie," in honour of Peter Osgood, the soccer player. When | came to power in Britain in 1979 a variation of the chant ("Maggie Maggie ... |
| Saigō Takamori | ... e was the eldest of five children. He studied at the same local school with | , who was three years older. In 1846, he was given the position of aide to ... |
| Robert Runcie | ... stant for Anglican Communion Affairs for the then Archbishop of Canterbury, | , in the 1980s. As an envoy for the Church of England, he travelled to Leb ... |
| Robert II, Duke of Burgundy | He was married to Blanche (Bianca) of Burgundy, daughter of | and Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy. They had a daughter, Joan (Giova ... |
| Christian IV of Denmark | Bishop Brynjólfur sent the Codex Regius as a present to King | , hence the name Codex Regius. For centuries it was stored in the Royal Li ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | | came to office in 1979 believing in free markets as a better social system ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... Jack Sheppard. At the same time, Jonathan Wild was understood to represent | , whose government had been tolerant of Wild's thievery and the South Sea ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | In 1915 | gave the school a grant of $50,000 for a central academic building. The te ... |
| County of Savoy | He was born around 1225 near Moûtiers in the Tarentaise region of the | , then part of the Kingdom of Arles in the Holy Roman Empire, but now in s ... |
| Paul I | ... uld not be the heir presumptive due to the Pauline Laws implemented by tsar | : only a male could succeed to the Russian throne, although there had been ... |
| James III of Scotland | ... pledged them as security on the dowry of his daughter, who was betrothed to | . Although attempts were made during the 17th and 18th centuries to redeem ... |
| Walter V of Brienne | ... Athens, under the rule of the French House of Brienne. In March 1310, Duke | and all his knights were defeated and slain by the Almogavars at the Battl ... |
| Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester | ... vided inspiration to other architects for numerous other buildings, such as | at Holkham Hall, Norfolk Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, at Goodwood ... |
| King Charles I | ... ther groups whose adherents believed the English Reformation was in danger. | had ascended the throne in 1624, and he had married a Roman Catholic. Char ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... st marriage to Michael Attenborough, the son of British film actor/director | , lasted from 1971 to 1973. Her second marriage to Geoffrey Planer lasted ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... t his homosexuality with his Bloomsbury friends (he had a relationship with | , who also was part of the Bloomsbury group), it was not widely publicised ... |
| Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf | ... 1910–2000) at Storkyrkan in Stockholm on 24 May 1935. She was a daughter of | (later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife, Princess Margar ... |
| Stephen III | ... ich sub-divided the greater part of the duchy amongst Stephen's three sons, | , Frederick and John II, who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, ... |
| George III | ... esponsible for Lady Sarah Lennox's embarrassing rejection by the young King | , as well as her disastrous marriage to Sir Charles Bunbury soon afterward ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... ome of his most influential friends, including H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, | and Sassoon. Sassoon (Patient B in Conflict and Dream), remained particula ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... es were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with | being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the dom ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... m Almogavars became less numerous. In 1502, violating the 1492 peace treaty | forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert to Catholicism or be e ... |
| Ambrose, Earl of Warwick | ... n debt. In accordance with his will, the castle passed first to his brother | , and after the latter's death in 1590, to his illegitimate son, Sir Rober ... |
| George II | ... amed after the George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester, as suggested by King | , who approved the royal patent on March 26, 1759. Montague was incorporat ... |
| Louis IX | ... wife of Louis VIII. She acted as regent twice during the reign of her son, | |
| William Longsword | ... rshall. However, it has also been suggested that Count William may refer to | . Longsword was a recognized illegitimate son of Henry II. If Marie was ac ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... ion and had bitterly opposed the king's divorce, his subsequent marriage to | and its religious ramifications. In 1536, within two weeks of the riot in ... |
| Frederick II | ... city, of the Holy Roman Empire. However, in 1242, during the war of Emperor | against the Pope, the Archbishop of Mainz, Siegfried III, ordered the city ... |
| Sidney Herbert | In Rome in 1847, she met | , a brilliant politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846), a posi ... |
| John of Gaunt | ... mily, the Neville's, were already established at court being descendants of | 's daughter Lady Joan Beaufort and her second husband, Ralph Neville, 1st ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... yday of Henry Irving and the actor-managers more than fifty years earlier." | said that Gielgud's performance in The School for Scandal was "the best li ... |
| Richard of Cornwall | ... y period of Ottoman rule. Richard the Lionheart retook the city soon after. | , brought from England to settle the dangerous feuding between Templars an ... |
| Lord Cardigan | ... in the fashionable 11th Regiment of Light Dragoons. The 11th, commanded by | , later involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade, had just returned fro ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... ins". By the time the later series were made the Conservative government of | was in power, and fewer political observations were made against governmen ... |
| C. P. Snow | ... however, demands for change again grew. There was a concern (illustrated in | ’s Strangers and Brothers series of novels) that technical and scientific ... |
| Louis VIII of France | ... unt of Foix and Aragonese crown forces decided the military intervention of | from 1226 with the support of Pope Honorius III |
| Charles II | ... which related unfavourable anecdotes about the prospective king of England, | . In July 1660, following the Restoration, a royalist tract called The Pic ... |
| Pierre-Simon Laplace | In 1796, mathematician | promoted the same idea in the first and second editions of his book Exposi ... |
| King Charles XIII | ... he received the homage of the Riksdag of the Estates, and he was adopted by | under the name of "Charles John" (Karl Johan). Many honours were bestowed ... |
| Richard, Duke of York | ... House of York, so called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was | . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son Edward ... |
| Charles II | After the Restoration, King | and his successor James II visited Hampton Court but largely preferred to ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... attempting to overthrow Mazarin and reverse the policies of his predecessor | who had taken power for the crown from great territorial nobles, some of w ... |
| Lord Hill | ... de batterie drew up in the centre. These opened fire at 11:50, according to | (commander of the Anglo-allied II Corps), while other sources put the time ... |
| Thomas Spring-Rice | ... icability". He submitted a copy of this to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, | , on 4 January 1837. This first edition was marked "private and confidenti ... |
| Henry IV, King of France | ... yal came into existence when Queen Henrietta Maria (1609–1669), daughter of | , and wife of King Charles I (1600–1649), wanted to imitate the way the el ... |
| King George VI | ... he "King of Italy and Emperor of Abyssinia," others to the "King of Italy." | , as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, add ... |
| Stephen II | The two remaining brothers, | and Albert I, ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respective ... |
| Richard the Lionheart | ... quarter still existed in the town during the early period of Ottoman rule. | retook the city soon after. Richard of Cornwall, brought from England to s ... |
| King Edward VII | ... he set up the National Council to campaign against the visit to Ireland of | his consort Alexandra of Denmark |
| Albert I | The two remaining brothers, Stephen II and | , ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respectively, and when ... |
| Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers | ... Wales. The prince was accompanied to Ludlow by his mother and by his uncle, | , who carried out many of the administrative duties associated with the pr ... |
| Lord Dundonald | ... ul) modifications to test a newly-developed rotary steam engine designed by | . At a cost of nearly £80, Rockets cylinders and driving rods were removed ... |
| Louis XVI | ... 9 April 1804) was a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of | , a post he held in the lead-up to the French Revolution in 1789 |
| Sir John Lubbock | ... ion relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker | introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871, which specified the days in the tab ... |
| Clement Attlee's | St-Laurent was an early supporter of British Prime Minister | proposal to transform the British Commonwealth from a club of white domini ... |
| General William Howe | ... at the Emlen House, built by Quaker George Emlen in 1745. British commander | observed the American lines from the belltower of St. Thomas' Episcopal Ch ... |
| Henry VI | ... e. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son | on the throne, and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rul ... |
| Sebastian Coe | ... Vancouver Olympic Torch relay. He handed off the flame to the next runner, | |
| Lothair II | ... the county of Cambrai fell into Lothaire's kingdom. However on the death of | , who had no heir, king Charles the Bald tried to gain control of his king ... |
| King Edward VII | | granted Cardiff city status on 28 October 1905, and the city acquired a Ro ... |
| Robert Carey | ... ave the castle to his wife, Henrietta Maria; he bestowed the stewardship on | , earl of Monmouth, and gave it to Carey's sons, Henry and Thomas, after t ... |
| Edward V of England | ... and the Marches, a body that had originally been set up to help the future | in his duties as Prince of Wales. The prince was accompanied to Ludlow by ... |
| Gérard | ... hen too far away to reach Waterloo. Grouchy was advised by his subordinate, | , to "march to the sound of the guns", but stuck to his orders and engaged ... |
| Randolph Quirk | Furthermore, | and Gabriele Stein thought about a Nuclear English, which, however, has ne ... |
| Christian I | ... g in 1471, he triumphed against Swedish and Danish forces in the support of | . This victory elevated Sture to the position of a national savior. The sc ... |
| Reginar | ... icitur: "duke of the kingdom that many call Lothair's". He was succeeded by | , who led the nobility in electing Charles the Simple of West Francia king ... |
| Adolphe | ... y, by a distant male cousin, Duke Adolf of Nassau who became HRH Grand Duke | —an arrangement necessitated by Salic law being applicable to Luxembourg b ... |
| Francis II of the Two Sicilies | When the Bourbon rule collapsed in 1860 (see | ) a British man named James Stevenson bought the northern part of the isla ... |
| John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland | ... enclosure was a result of inflation, he was only ignored. It was not until | was Protector that his finance minister William Cecil took action on debas ... |
| Ljudevit Posavski | ... The local princes were deposed for following the anti-Frankish rebellion of | and replaced by a Germanic (primarily Bavarian) ascendancy. In 843 it pass ... |
| Duchy of Brabant | ... incorporated into the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, which became part of the | at the end of the 12th century. Despite its proximity to Liège, the territ ... |
| Duke of Cumberland | ... uding the Queen's Staircase, (1733) and the Cumberland Suite (1737) for the | . Today, the Queen's Private Apartments are open to the public and include ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... rth to a baby boy in 1716. Unfortunately, he died soon after. A year later, | , his elder surviving child, was born. At her baptismal ceremony, contempo ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... a Jacobean brick-built manor house, and was formerly the home of the young | , later to become Henry VIII's second wife |
| Jean-Baptiste Bessières | ... mpress Dragoons was also present at the battle under the command of Marshal | . The reinforcements that Bessières brought were almost symbolic, despite ... |
| new king | ... sensitive diplomatic duties connected with the problematic behaviour of the | , and as the 1936 abdication crisis looms, he gloomily predicts the coming ... |
| Grand Duke Paul | ... s a Regent or as an usurper, tolerable only during the minority of her son, | . In the 1770s, a group of nobles connected with Paul (Nikita Panin and ot ... |
| Harald Maddadsson | ... arls of Orkney continued to rule much of Northern Scotland until 1196, when | agreed to pay tribute to William the Lion, King of Scots for his territori ... |
| Henry VIII of England | The future King | met Philip the Handsome on a visit Philip made to Henry's father's court i ... |
| Charles I | A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right, England's | persecuted religious dissenters. Waves of repression led to the migration ... |
| Charles III of Spain | ... ssion, the bells have rung faithfully every evening, a promise made to King | when he sent the original bells to the Mission in 1777. He asked that the ... |
| Henry V | ... ns; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future | . Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic ... |
| George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham | ... liament for the abuse of prices led to the scapegoating of Francis Bacon by | , leading to Bacon's impeachment before the Lords, the first of its kind w ... |
| Charles II of England | ... ox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, a legitimate descendant of an illegitimate son of | . In 1744, Lady Caroline eloped with Henry Fox, a politician who was eight ... |
| James II | After the Restoration, King Charles II and his successor | visited Hampton Court but largely preferred to reside elsewhere. By this t ... |
| Maximilian I | ... e Muscovite wars. 1515 he entered into alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Cardinal Mazarin | ... means sling, which Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of | |
| Louis IX | # | (Poissy, 25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270, Tunis), King of France as success ... |
| Charles XIII | ... ernor of Rome when he was unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to King | of Sweden, who was childless and old |
| Władysław Opolczyk | ... The second castle of Opole was probably founded in the 14th century by duke | , though some sources claim that it was originally a wooden stronghold of ... |
| Henry VIII | Since | broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the E ... |
| King George VI | ... usiastic. It was St-Laurent who drafted the London Declaration, recognizing | as Head of the Commonwealth as a means of allowing India to remain in the ... |
| Lord Carnarvon | In 1874 | , Secretary of State for the Colonies, who had successfully brought about ... |
| Robert Runcie | ... the British Council of Churches. In 1980, then Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr | , appointed him Archbishop of Canterbury's Assistant for Anglican Communio ... |
| king | ... n London, where daily life is affected by the illness and then death of the | . The couple are personally happy, having resolved many of the problems in ... |
| Marquess of Clydesdale | ... ouston Everest Flight of 1933, which saw a formation of aircraft led by the | fly over the summit in an effort to deploy the British Union Flag at the t ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... onopolists by Parliament for the abuse of prices led to the scapegoating of | by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, leading to Bacon's impeachment ... |
| Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond | The Lennox sisters were daughters of | , a legitimate descendant of an illegitimate son of Charles II of England. ... |
| William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton | ... ore than happy to comply. Both Catherine's brother, William Parr and uncle, | fought with the Duke of Norfolk and the Duke of Suffolk against the rebell ... |
| Henry | ... stewardship on Robert Carey, earl of Monmouth, and gave it to Carey's sons, | and Thomas, after their father's death. Kenilworth remained a popular loca ... |
| Hugh Capet | ... attempt to take the Lorraine from Emperor Otto III (983–1002) by supporting | (987–996). Capet became King of France, ending the Carolingian line of Kin ... |
| Charles I's | ... ment was regarded as having been automatically dissolved from the moment of | execution on 30 January 1649. This view was confirmed by a court ruling du ... |
| Laurence Olivier | Unlike Welles's film, | 's Othello (1965), based on John Dexter's National Theatre Company's produ ... |
| Keith Joseph | ... ex. The councils involved were initially unable to decide upon a name, with | suggesting "Uxbridge" in October 1963, later revised to Hillingdon |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... ard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by the well-known industrialist | , his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, ... |
| Otto I | ... he count, who ruled the city and county, and the bishop, ceased when in 948 | granted the bishop with temporal powers over the city. In 1007 emperor Hen ... |
| Charles V | ... ance. The agreement fell through, however, when Francis I was vanquished by | at the (1525) |
| Trencavel | ... the nobility of Toulouse led by Count Raymond VI of Toulouse and the family | that, as allies and vassals of the king of Aragon Peter II the Catholic, i ... |
| Meinhard | ... 1361; followed to the grave two years later by his only (and childless) son | . Tyrol then passed to Habsburg. Brandenburg was lost in 1373 |
| Edward VIII | ... due at least in part to the constitutional crisis of that year surrounding | and his relationship with Wallis Simpson |
| Henry Bolingbroke | ... in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin | seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, pr ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... inaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the | . The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liver ... |
| Philip III of Spain | ... e Spanish ambassador to England, who had secured a copy and passed it on to | ), drawn circa 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson, also gives cr ... |
| Charles II | ... during the 17th and 18th centuries to redeem Shetland, without success, and | ratifying the pawning in the , explicitly exempting them from any "dissolu ... |
| Pierre-Simon Laplace | ... ght to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and | . The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize ... |
| Duke of Cambridge | ... donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund, and the | was chairman. Nightingale was considered a pioneer in the concept of medic ... |
| Thomas Cochrane | ... talemate during the siege of Sevastopol. The proposal was backed by Admiral | of the Royal Navy. It was considered by the Prime Minister, Lord Palmersto ... |
| Charles | Philip has four children with Elizabeth: | , Anne, Andrew and Edward. Through an Order in Council issued in 1960, des ... |
| Hainaut | ... ory, however, was complicated by its connections with Brandenburg, Holland, | and Tirol, all of which the emperor had also left to his sons. All the six ... |
| William III | ... bourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands crown until 1890 when | , King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leavi ... |
| John D. Rockefeller | ... orations until it was broken up by the United States Supreme Court in 1911. | was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. As it grew exponentially an ... |
| Pierre-Simon Laplace | ... ntment of secretary to the Paris Observatory. He now became acquainted with | , and through his influence was commissioned, with Jean-Baptiste Biot, to ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... towns in England to fall to the Normans in the Norman conquest of England. | ordered the construction of a castle, to dominate the town and the nearby ... |
| Antwerp | ... Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he once said: "take Versailles, add | , and you have Bordeaux". Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux ... |
| John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury | ... age to Elizabeth Woodville. Lady Eleanor Butler (a young widow, daughter of | ) and Edward were alleged to have been precontracted; both parties were de ... |
| King James II & VII | ... ater Queen Mary II of England and Scotland) (1662–1694), eldest daughter of | , and Princess Sophia Dorothea (1687–1757), only daughter of King George I ... |
| Gilbert | ... d him by granting him the title margrave. Reginar was succeeded by his son, | , who used the title dux Lotharingiae: "duke of Lotharingia". When the Wes ... |
| Robert Napier | ... dros II for its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by | during the |
| Duke of Normandy | In the islands, Elizabeth II's traditional title as head of state is | |
| Disraeli | The British Prime Minister | 's Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The f ... |
| Heinrich II | ... athedral of Basel (known locally as the Münster) began under German Emperor | |
| Lord Palmerston | ... Thomas Cochrane of the Royal Navy. It was considered by the Prime Minister, | , but the British Ordnance Department rejected the proposal as "as bad a m ... |
| Duke of Silesia | ... of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548. Earlier, Sigismund had been invested as | |
| Cesare Borgia | ... f the Renaissance Popes. He fathered seven children, including Lucrezia and | , by at least two mistresses. Fourteen years after his death, the corrupti ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... the series makes many references to the policy of the Labour governments of | and James Callaghan, with comments like "My top lip went all stiff and dea ... |
| count of Guelders | The city of Arnhem had its real origins in 1233 when Otto II, | from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the ... |
| Theobald IV of Champagne | ... Still, Blanche had to break up a league of the barons (1226), and helped by | and the papal legate to France, Romano Bonaventura, she organized an army. ... |
| James I | ... after their father's death. Kenilworth remained a popular location for both | and Charles and accordingly was well maintained. The most famous royal vis ... |
| Lord Finlay | ... s Andre Weiss of France, Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven of Cuba and | of the United Kingdom were elected by a majority vote of both the Council ... |
| Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière | ... n 20 October 1792 a letter was read before the National Convention in which | , interior minister, proposed that the furnishings of the palace and those ... |
| Richard III | ... d intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother | . Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the co ... |
| Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany | ... once consigned to the castle of The Bass, Walter Stewart, the eldest son of | , his cousin. The person who received the payments for the prisoner's supp ... |
| Arthur Wellesley | ... onnected passenger, Lady Barbara Wellesley, the fictional younger sister of | (later to become the Duke of Wellington) become dangerously attracted to e ... |
| Andrew Carnegie | ... is home to two Carnegie Libraries funded by the donations of steel magnate | . Both are considered historically and architecturally significant by the ... |
| Charles II | ... fused to follow the rules of the Church of England after the Restoration of | in 1660, and when Newton settled in Olney the village still supported two ... |
| Philip II | ... n during the 1550s, sheep husbandry was discouraged in certain provinces by | due to the harmful effects of fires used in transhumance. As early as the ... |
| Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick-Lunenburg | ... wn in Essex County, Vermont, United States. The town was named after Prince | . The population was 107 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH– ... |
| Joanna of Castile | ... undy, and briefly succeeded to the Crown of Castile as the husband of Queen | , who was also heiress-presumptive to the Crown of Aragon. He was the firs ... |
| Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor | He died in 1637, leaving to his son | an empire still entangled in a war and whose fortunes seemed to be increas ... |
| Christian IX of Denmark | ... 1899. The young prince had 21 godparents, among them his great-grandfather | , Nicholas II of Russia, George I of Greece, Oscar II of Sweden, his grand ... |
| Henry VI | ... round the White Tower carrying her head under her arm. Other ghosts include | , Lady Jane Grey, Margaret Pole, and the Princes in the Tower. In January ... |
| William I | ... dent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, | . Luxembourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands crown until 1 ... |
| Hainaut | ... county was between its more powerful neighbours the counts of Flanders, of | and the kings of France, especially during the Hundred Years' War |
| Lord Salisbury | Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to | in 1885, and in 1886 entered Parliament as Member for Southport in south-w ... |
| King Henry | ... hardt's novel, Stirb du Narr! ("Die you fool!"), about More's struggle with | , portrays More as an idealist bound to fail in the power struggle with a ... |
| John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute | In 1922 | , had sold the entire site and it was bought by the Cardiff Arms Park Comp ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and | (1469) unified Christian Spain; in 1492, the kingdom of Granada, the last ... |
| Sir Michael Hicks Beach | ... istration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote | , who would replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in N ... |
| Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery | ... lpted in Carrara, Italy in 1882, and was unveiled by future Prime Minister, | on 6 April 1882. Today, it features on the 2007 series of £5 notes issued ... |
| Henry VII of England | ... r, Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York later became the Queen consort of | . The grounds for Titulus Regius, passed to justify the accession of Richa ... |
| King Charles I | ... setts Bay Company in 1628, he became involved in 1629 when the anti-Puritan | began a crackdown on Nonconformist religious thought. In October 1629 he w ... |
| Edward III | In 1339, in the early stages of the war, the English king | laid siege to the city but eventually had to withdraw. By the 14th century ... |
| Louis V, Duke of Bavaria | ... she repudiated with the help of the Tyrolean aristocracy in order to marry | , a member of the powerful Wittelsbach dynasty. This weakened the position ... |
| John, Duke of Berry | ... g them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for | . The collection was in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house ... |
| Joseph Louis Lagrange | ... bert in the article Dimension in Encyclopedie. Another early venture was by | in his Theory of Analytic Functions (1797, 1813). He said, "One may view m ... |
| Lazare Carnot | ... the Directory. France also lacked funds, and no longer had the services of | , the war minister who had guided it to successive victories following ext ... |
| Richard the Lionheart | ... orwich received a royal charter from Henry II in 1158, and another one from | in 1194. Following a riot in the city in 1274, Norwich has the distinction ... |
| Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford | ... ic boys whose fathers had died before they reached maturity. These included | , Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton,and Roger Manners, 5th Earl o ... |
| Lord Finlay | ... ice-President on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss, while a second death ( | ) left the Court increasingly understaffed. Replacements for Moore and Fin ... |
| comte d’Artois | ... sieur Fayolle during his voyages in America. The collection was sold to the | and was later confiscated by the state. Fayolle, who had been nominated to ... |
| Edward V | ... evertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son | and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Rich ... |
| King James II | In 1323 the Catalan, under Peter, son of | , disembarked near Iglesias, in Southern Sardinia. The Pisane intervened b ... |
| Margaret Pole | ... ying her head under her arm. Other ghosts include Henry VI, Lady Jane Grey, | , and the Princes in the Tower. In January 1816, a sentry on guard outside ... |
| Henry VIII | ... The historian Jasper Ridley, author of several biographies including one on | and another on Mary Tudor, goes much further in his dual biography of More ... |
| Marquess of Bute | The town grew rapidly from the 1830s onwards, when the | built a dock which eventually linked to the Taff Vale Railway. Cardiff bec ... |
| Salvador Dalí | ... e upper classes. Brassai photographed many of his artist friends, including | , Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Alberto Giacometti, and several of the pro ... |
| Isabelle, Countess of Angoulême | ... own's influence in Poitou, Blanche managed to keep the English Queen mother | and her second husband Hugh X of Lusignan from supporting the English side ... |
| Charles III of Spain | ... is still colloquially named Ciutat ("city") in Catalan. In the 18th century | removed interdiction of commerce with Spanish colonies in America and the ... |
| Henry II | Norwich received a royal charter from | in 1158, and another one from Richard the Lionheart in 1194. Following a r ... |
| James II | ... 1687. Three months later, Josiah Child and his deputy had an audience with | , and as per the ensuing discussions, a Charter was issued by the king on ... |
| Felix V | ... ntury Council of Basel (1431–1449), including the 1439 election of antipope | |
| Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland | ... e Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton,and | . He is widely credited with reforming an institution notorious for its co ... |
| Lord Brooke | ... the battle, however, the royalist garrison was withdrawn on the approach of | and the castle was garrisoned by parliamentary forces. The new governor of ... |
| Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor | ... ts marketplace are again mentioned in an 887 document. By the 13th century, | and Count of Luxemburg, was minting coins in Bastogne. In 1332, John the B ... |
| Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton | ... they reached maturity. These included Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, | ,and Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland. He is widely credited with reform ... |
| Theodore Judah | The original townsite was surveyed and laid out in 1859 by | along the proposed line of the California Central Railroad. The name "Linc ... |
| Charles V | ... elders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor | . As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of ... |
| Richard Attenborough | ... works of fiction and documentary essay concerned with Elizabeth I's reign. | depicted him in the film Elizabeth. He was a prominent supporting characte ... |
| Pierre Mauclerc | ... and her second husband Hugh X of Lusignan from supporting the English side. | did support the English and Brittany rebelled against the crown in 1230. B ... |
| King Charles I | ... rietta Maria (1609–1669), daughter of Henry IV, King of France, and wife of | (1600–1649), wanted to imitate the way the eldest daughter of the King of ... |
| Oscar II of Sweden | ... dfather Christian IX of Denmark, Nicholas II of Russia, George I of Greece, | , his grandfather Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Prince of Wales ( ... |
| Louis XVIII | ... s of their lives they had lived under the ancien régime. Nevertheless, King | was worried that he would still suffer an intractable parliament. He was d ... |
| Edward IV | ... e of York. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son | led the Yorkists to victory in 1461. The Wars of the Roses, nevertheless, ... |
| James Callaghan | ... any references to the policy of the Labour governments of Harold Wilson and | , with comments like "My top lip went all stiff and dead, as if it had bee ... |
| Ernest Pollock | ... t was a good one, from politicians, practising lawyers and academics alike. | , the former Attorney General for England and Wales said "May we not as la ... |
| Anne Jules de Noailles | ... 653, under Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds in 1684, and twice in 1694 under | . In May 1809, it was besieged by 35,000 French Napoleonic troops under Ve ... |
| Welf | ... Tostig's two sons took refuge in Norway, while his wife Judith married Duke | of Bavaria |
| Edward | Philip has four children with Elizabeth: Charles, Anne, Andrew and | . Through an Order in Council issued in 1960, descendants of Philip and El ... |
| Leopold II of Belgium | ... ganized Congolese troops, known as the (FP), were created in 1888 when King | , who held the Congo Free State as his private property, ordered his Secre ... |
| King Charles I | ... the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against | and his supporters, the Cavaliers (Royalists), who claimed absolute power ... |
| Louis XVI of France | ... cant impact throughout Europe, which only increased with the arrest of King | in 1792 and his execution in January 1793 for "crimes of tyranny" against ... |
| Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey | ... es appear in Hughes's novel. Fraser uses them to make an ironic allusion to | , and one of the heroes of Waterloo, who cuckolded the Duke of Wellington' ... |
| Rudolph I | For some years after Louis' death in 1294 his sons | and Louis, afterwards the emperor Louis IV, ruled their duchy in common; b ... |
| Duke of Rothesay | ... Charles automatically gained several titles (including Duke of Cornwall and | ), and subsequently was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in Nov ... |
| Anthony Greenwood | ... nding members of CND were Fenner Brockway, E. P. Thompson, A. J. P. Taylor, | , Lord Simon, D. H. Pennington, Eric Baker and Dora Russell. Organisations ... |
| Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford | ... is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The town was named for | . The population was 2,046 at the 2000 census |
| Charles II | ... th the earls of Monmouth acting as stewards once again, but after her death | gave the castle to Sir Edward Hyde, whom he created Baron Hyde of Hindon a ... |
| Arthur de Gobineau | ... Michel Eugène Chevreul, Alexander Graham Bell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, | , Frédéric Mistral, Alessandro Manzoni, Alexandre Herculano, Camilo Castel ... |
| André Masséna | In 1810, a newly-enlarged French army under Marshal | invaded Portugal. British opinion both at home and in the army was negativ ... |
| Charles VII of France | ... ritory. The Château Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by | , were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city ... |
| Touraine | # | (Tours |
| Baron Carrington | ... o lived in Cliveden, Frederick, Prince of Wales who also lived in Cliveden, | who lives in Bledlow, Benjamin Disraeli who lived at Hughenden Manor and w ... |
| Freiherr | ... second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "Edler" and below " | ". For its historical association with warfare and the landed gentry in th ... |
| Earl of Cambridge | ... of Henry's fleet for France, and include a real-life incident in which the | and two others plotted to assassinate Henry at Southampton. Henry's clever ... |
| Harold Godwinson | ... September 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King | , the last crowned English King of England |
| Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester | ... urer under Edward, Mary and Elizabeth, died. His vacant post was offered to | , who declined it and proposed Burghley, stating that the latter was the m ... |
| Duke of Cornwall | ... son of the sovereign Charles automatically gained several titles (including | and Duke of Rothesay), and subsequently was created Prince of Wales and Ea ... |
| Wenceslaus I of Legnica | ... I the Fair and his descendants. In the quarrel with his elder brother Duke | a 1359 judgement by Emperor Charles IV alloted Lubin along with Krzeczyn W ... |
| James III of Scotland | ... backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of King | , to take the Scottish throne in 1482. Gloucester led an invasion of Scotl ... |
| Lord Byron | ... related that his ancestor of the same name had sat in the same garden with | , discussing publication of Byron's works |
| Charles Oudinot | Time was at the essence and Masséna at once sent one of his aides-de-camp, | , the son of Marshal Duke of Reggio, with orders to bring forward the Guar ... |
| Sir Robert Walpole | ... era, a Ballad opera produced on the January 29, 1728 by John Rich, in which | was caricatured. This famous piece, which was said to have made "Rich gay ... |
| Earl of Northumbria | Tostig Godwinson (died 25 September 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon | and brother of King Harold Godwinson, the last crowned English King of Eng ... |
| George V | ... Alexandre Millerand and Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré of France, to King | of the United Kingdom, and to the Zoological Garden (Jardin Zoologique) of ... |
| Salvador Dalí | ... very of America by Christopher Columbus is the name of a painting by artist | , begun in 1958 and finished in 1959. It is over 14 feet tall and over 9 f ... |
| Edward II | ... However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, | , who also faced conflict with the nobility. Edward II was, in 1311, force ... |
| the King | In April 1772, a paper signed "near Dorchester," was addressed to | (the newspapers taking notice of His Majesty's desire to see the price of ... |
| Charles I | ... e on the North wall. A brass to Veare Jenyns (1644) relates to the Court of | , while other Jenynses, who were Lords of the Manor, link with Sarah, Duch ... |
| Edward IV | ... enhanced their standing. Catherine's grandfather, William, was part of King | 's court. William held the office of comptroller of the household from 147 ... |
| Edward, the Black Prince | ... Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer, and James Purefoy as Sir Thomas Colville/ | |
| Henry XIII | The first of these divisions occurred in 1255. Louis II and | , the sons of Duke Otto II, who for two years after their father's death h ... |
| Duke of York | ... es personally adored and attempted to emulate. In 1605, Charles was created | , which is customary in the case of the sovereign's second son. However, w ... |
| Clement Attlee | ... spite his popularity as a war hero Churchill suffered a landslide defeat to | whose government's economic policy continued to be influenced by Keynes's ... |
| Henry II of England | ... iage (Burgos, before 17 September 1177) with Eleanor (Leonora), daughter of | and , brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect ... |
| King George II | ... pointed star of the Order of the Garter which Lord Burlington received from | in 1730. This star also represents the Sun at the longest day of the year, ... |
| Ottokar II of Bohemia | ... in the 13th century, Austria came briefly under the rule of the Czech King | . Contesting the election of Rudolf I of Habsburg as emperor, Ottokar was ... |
| Antwerp | ... other Eastern European Jewish origins; his great-grandfather emigrated from | before 1914 Gaiman, Neil. , Neil Gaiman's Journal, 16 January 2009 and his ... |
| James Callaghan | ... sh from the Industrial North East and Northern Irish. Former Prime Minister | 's father was a Protestant from Northern Ireland. Similarly, some of the l ... |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon | ... n notables. On 20 October 1496, he married Infanta Joanna, daughter of King | and Queen Isabella I of Castile, in Lier, Belgium |
| Artois | ... ed to do this with Spanish assistance; a powerful Spanish army assembled in | under the archduke Leopold Wilhelm, governor-general of the Spanish Nether ... |
| Sir Edward Hyde | ... g as stewards once again, but after her death Charles II gave the castle to | , whom he created Baron Hyde of Hindon and Earl of Clarendon. The ruined c ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... African-American cast), a BBC mime production starring Marcel Marceau, and | 's 1947 chamber orchestra composition Men of Goodwill: Variations on 'A Ch ... |
| Morcar | ... orters, then declared Tostig outlawed for his unlawful actions and sent for | , younger brother of Edwin, Earl of Mercia. The northern rebels marched so ... |
| Antwerp | ... was, again, looking for control of the Ardennes. The goal was to advance to | , to cut off supply and separate British from American troops. On December ... |
| Henry V of England | ... een's wardrobe, (essentially her major-domo) after the death of her husband | on 22 August 1422. The Queen initially lived with her infant son, King Hen ... |
| duke of Parma | ... oseph, duc de Vendôme, commander of the French forces in Italy, to whom the | had sent him. That a low-ranking priest was used as envoy was due to the d ... |
| John II | ... Bavaria then passed to Henry XVILA. Dying in 1539, Henry left an only son, | , who died childless in the following year, when the Wittelsbach emperor L ... |
| Queen Christina | ... y was sold by the parlement of Paris during the troubles of the Fronde, and | invited Naudé to Stockholm. He was not happy in Sweden, and on Mazarin's a ... |
| Henry Clay Frick | In 1909, | , a steel magnate, bought the present-day so that his daughter Helen could ... |
| James I of England | ... nglish colonies in Virginia, a more determined effort was initiated by King | (James VI of Scotland), who granted a Royal Charter to the Virginia Compan ... |
| Geoffrey Fisher | ... the Palace's Music Room on 8 April 1960, by then Archbishop of Canterbury, | , the Prince's godparents were: The Duke of Gloucester (his maternal grand ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... s is a school of economic thought with its origins in The General Theory of | , although its subsequent development was influenced to a large degree by ... |
| Don Carlos | ... gression than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised Philip V of Spain's son, | , as the heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany; Charles ha ... |
| Lord Liverpool | ... ent of peace during 1814, corn prices decreased, and the Tory government of | passed the 1815 Corn Law. This resulted in serious rioting in London |
| Simon de Montfort | ... aving the Crown to his nine-year-old son Henry III. Later in Henry's reign, | led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the Second Barons' War. The ... |
| Otto of Nordheim | ... , mother of and regent for the German king Henry IV, entrusted the duchy to | |
| Lord Robert Baden-Powell | ... tradition on their own. Scouts do not necessarily encounter this tradition. | , the founder of Scouting and the Chief Scout of the World, would gather s ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... land. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by | in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by ... |
| Edward VI | ... any historic events. In 1537, the King's much desired male heir, the future | , was born at the palace and the child's mother, Jane Seymour, died there ... |
| Franconia | ... emko of Ścinawa by German settlers, maybe descending from Lower Lorraine or | , in the course of the Ostsiedlung. It obtained its city rights about 1295 ... |
| Edwin | ... g outlawed for his unlawful actions and sent for Morcar, younger brother of | , Earl of Mercia. The northern rebels marched south to press their case wi ... |
| Henry VIII of England | ... tatesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councillor to | and was from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. He is commemorated by the Church ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... anted to stage a coup against the then crisis-stricken Labour Government of | , and King allegedly used the meeting to urge Mountbatten to become the le ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... Epstein is mounted on the exterior of the new cathedral near the entrance. | 's War Requiem, regarded by some as his masterpiece, was written for the o ... |
| Oscar I of Sweden | ... s Margaret of Connaught. They were related in several ways. In descent from | and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In desce ... |
| Viceroy Linlithgow | When World war II started, | had unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of the Britain, ... |
| Philip the Good | ... y of Flanders (today in Belgium) and was named after his great-grandfather, | . In 1482, upon the death of his mother Mary of Burgundy, he succeeded to ... |
| Ritchie Calder | ... its organising secretary. The other members of its executive committee were | , journalist James Cameron, Howard Davies, Michael Foot, Arthur Goss, King ... |
| Henry VII of England | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, Owen Tudor's Welsh grandson, became King | , founding the Tudor dynasty, when his supporters defeated those of Richar ... |
| George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester | Montague Township was supposedly named after the | , as suggested by King George II, who approved the royal patent on March 2 ... |
| Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford | ... ministration under King James I. His daughter Anne became the first wife of | in 1571; she served as a Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth before her marr ... |
| King George V | ... ily. Despite the fact he was a first cousin of both Nicholas and Alexandra, | refused to allow them to evacuate to the United Kingdom, as he was alarmed ... |
| Prince Charles | ... Howells made a scathing criticism of the exhibits as "conceptual bullshit". | wrote to him: "It's good to hear your refreshing common sense about the dr ... |
| Cardinal Mazarin | ... e Naudé his librarian, and on his death Naudé accepted a similar offer from | . For the next ten years he devoted himself to bringing together from all ... |
| John Berkeley | ... n June 24, 1664. The Duke of York sold the area that is today New Jersey to | and George Carteret for a proprietary colony, separate from the projected ... |
| Francis I of France | In 1536 king | invaded the papal territory, in order to overthrow Emperor Charles V, who ... |
| Henry II of England | ... ntagenet, born in Le Mans, who became, within months of their wedding, King | . The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of S ... |
| Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | ... ebruary 1960), is the second son, and third child of Queen Elizabeth II and | . At the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the ... |
| Otto II | ... Frederick II, and died (assassinated) at Kelheim in September 1231. His son | , called the Illustrious, the next duke, found that his loyalty to the Hoh ... |
| Lothair I | When Louis the Pious died in 840, his eldest son, | , claimed overlordship over his brothers' kingdoms and supported the claim ... |
| Edward, the Black Prince | ... St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under | (1362–1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was a ... |
| Paul I of Russia | ... opold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In descent from | , Frederick was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother |
| Duke of Marlborough | Named "New Marlborough" for the | until 1800, the town was a New Hampshire grant chartered on April 29, 1751 ... |
| Stanley Baldwin | ... king. After receiving advice from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, | , as well as the Dominion governments, that he could not remain king and m ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... that Marie de France was known at the court of King Henry II and his wife, | . A contemporary of Marie, the English poet Denis Piramus, mentions in his ... |
| George V | ... he London premiere of Der Schwanendreher when he heard news of the death of | . He quickly wrote this piece for solo viola and string orchestra in tribu ... |
| Henry II of England | ... so VIII, king of Castile, and Eleanor of England. Eleanor was a daughter of | and Eleanor of Aquitaine |
| Brabant | ... territory of the Bishopric of Cambrai, roughly coinciding with the shire of | , included the central part of the Low Countries. The bishopric had some l ... |
| Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden | ... t. They were related in several ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and | , they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia, Freder ... |
| Nicholas Kaldor | ... elopment was influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, | and Paul Davidson. Keynes's biographer Lord Skidelsky writes that the Post ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... ief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. An even more prominent example is that of | , whose power was so great that he was for many years the real ruler of Fr ... |
| Duke of Montemar | ... Kébir and Oran in 1708. The Spanish returned in 1732 when the armada of the | was victorious in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk and took again Oran and Mers E ... |
| Mary of Burgundy | ... s great-grandfather, Philip the Good. In 1482, upon the death of his mother | , he succeeded to her Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his ... |
| Lord Clarendon | The castle remained the property of the Clarendons until 1937, when | found the maintenance of the castle too expensive and sold Kenilworth to t ... |
| Charles Edward Stuart | ... pher Layer (born 1683), who was a militant Jacobite and supporter of Prince | , the 'Young Pretender'. He was tried for high treason and hanged at Tybur ... |
| John of Bohemia | ... ts city rights about 1295. In 1329 Duke John of Ścinawa paid homage to King | , who upon the death of John's brother Duke Przemko II of Głogów in 1331 i ... |
| Louis II | The first of these divisions occurred in 1255. | and Henry XIII, the sons of Duke Otto II, who for two years after their fa ... |
| Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury | ... Salisbury, descended from his younger son Robert. One of the latter branch, | (1830–1903), served three times as Prime Minister under Queen Victoria and ... |
| Richard II | ... ses. In 1377 Edward III died, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson | . Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by ... |
| Philip V | ... n furthering the accession of the French candidate for the throne of Spain, | . Two years later, Vendôme having died in the interval, Alberoni was appoi ... |
| Prince Friso | ... ithout the consent of the Dutch Parliament. For example, this happened with | when he married Mabel Wisse Smit. This is written down explicitly in the p ... |
| Henry II of England | ... welfth century; they are dedicated to a "noble king", usually assumed to be | , or possibly his eldest son, Henry the Young King. Another of her works, ... |
| James II | ... ow Revolution House, was the site of a meeting between conspirators against | in 1688. Among those meeting there were the Earls of Danby and Devonshire, ... |
| Count of Savoy | Thomas I or Tommaso I (1178, Aiguebelle – 1 March 1233) was | from 1189-1233. He was the son of Humbert III of Savoy and Beatrice of Vie ... |
| Henry the Fowler | In 920 Conrad's successor as German king, | of the Ottonian dynasty, recognized Arnulf as duke, confirming his right t ... |
| Henry II, Duke of Bavaria | ... of Austria and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976 after the revolt of | |
| Oudinot | ... ully defended the approaches to Berlin and was victorious in battle against | in August and against Ney in September at the Battles of Grossbeeren and D ... |
| George II | Queen Anne's successor was George I; he and his son | were the last monarchs to reside at Hampton Court. Under George I six room ... |
| Earls of Danby | ... n conspirators against James II in 1688. Among those meeting there were the | and Devonshire, commemorated by the ducal crowns around the supporters' ne ... |
| the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall | ... fray when a group of school children sang it for the 1901 tour of Canada by | (later King George V and Queen Mary) |
| Sir Charles Middleton | ... ifteen years, he accepted the living of Teston, Kent in 1781, and there met | , Lady Middleton, Thomas Clarkson, Hannah More and others, a group that la ... |
| James I | ... -twice-removed, the Scottish King, James VI, who became known in England as | of the House of Stuart |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... , and Eleanor of England. Eleanor was a daughter of Henry II of England and | |
| Cardinal Richelieu | At the desire of | he began a controversy with the Benedictines, denying Jean Gerson's author ... |
| Neil Kinnock | ... ublished an election pamphlet, Move On Up, with a foreword by Labour leader | |
| Edward III | ... deposed and then murdered by his wife Isabella. His 14-year-old son became | . Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the Hundred Years' War ... |
| Edward IV | ... of only two courtiers to become Knight of the Garter in the second reign of | . Sir William Parr could claim royal descent through King John of England, ... |
| King George III | ... e, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculpture and in 1802 | presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts ... |
| John of England | ... le, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of King | in 1204, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was ... |
| Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale | ... is buried at North Berwick, where a United Free Church was named after him. | held the Bass for James VII for a brief period after the Scottish parliame ... |
| Henry the Young King | ... ng", usually assumed to be Henry II of England, or possibly his eldest son, | . Another of her works, the Fables, is dedicated to a "Count William", who ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... che's sister Urraca was betrothed to Philip's son, Louis. Their grandmother | , upon getting acquainted with the two sisters, judged that Blanche's pers ... |
| Essex's | On the basis of an apparent allusion to | failed mission to quell Tyrone's Rebellion, the play is thought to date fr ... |
| Gwilym Lloyd George | ... city of Wales on 20 December 1955, by a written reply by the Home Secretary | . Caernarfon had also vied for this title. Cardiff therefore celebrated tw ... |
| Charles I | King James was succeeded in 1625 by his son, the ill-fated | . For this king, Hampton Court was to become both his palace and his priso ... |
| Duke of York | ... he Fitzgeralds, Lords of the Manor. In the 20th century the hall hosted the | , later King George V, with the Duchess of York, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (the ... |
| John of England | In consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet between Philip Augustus and | , Blanche's sister Urraca was betrothed to Philip's son, Louis. Their gran ... |
| Henry II of England | ... the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with | over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers ... |
| Friedrich IV | ... o Tyrol, where he joined the Elefantenbund, an alliance of noblemen against | , who had been banned by King Sigismund for aiding the flight of Antipope ... |
| Duchy of Carinthia | ... a practice that continued after Carantania was incorporated into the later | . It was last performed in 1414, when the Habsburg Ernest the Iron was ent ... |
| Louis XV | During the reign of | , Versailles underwent transformation, but not on the scale that had been ... |
| Edward V of England | ... orge's Chapel, Windsor Castle. He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, | |
| George II | ... ge I six rooms were completed in 1717 to the design of John Vanbrugh. Under | and his Queen, Caroline, further refurbishment took place, with the archit ... |
| Frederick II | ... g part in German affairs during the early years of the reign of the emperor | , and died (assassinated) at Kelheim in September 1231. His son Otto II, c ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... uch as lecturing at Birkbeck College, University of London. The philosopher | took an interest in Vivienne while the newlyweds stayed in his flat. Some ... |
| Louis IX of France | Some people claim that Isabella formed a conspiracy against King | in 1241, after being publicly snubbed by his mother, Blanche of Castile fo ... |
| Henry X | Henry IX's son | , called the Proud, succeeded in 1126, and also obtained the Duchy of Saxo ... |
| Duke of Suffolk | ... Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, 6th Earl of Suffolk (1471/1472 – 30 April 1513), | , was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth ... |
| Sir Robert Cecil | ... f Burghley on his death, was later created Earl of Exeter. His younger son, | (later created Baron Cecil, Viscount Cranborne and finally Earl of Salisbu ... |
| Lord Acton | ... ecursor of state crimes in the 20th Century. Others, including Macaulay and | , have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration for su ... |
| Henry IX | ... Bavaria; two of his sons followed him in succession: Welf II from 1101 and | from 1120. Both exercised considerable influence among the German princes |
| Marquess of Queensberry | Lord Alfred's father, the | , was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the ... |
| Robert Guiscard | ... 1080). The Byzantine Empire also faced foreign invasion, as the Norman Duke | of Apulia declared war under the pretext of defending the rights of young ... |
| William (now Lord) Rees-Mogg | ... cle appeared in The Times, written by its traditionally conservative editor | , but the Rolling Stones continued to face legal battles for the next deca ... |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of | , was an auto-racing enthusiast and created the Vanderbilt Cup, the first ... |
| William I, Count of Holland | ... nd took refuge here when she was fighting in a civil war against her uncle, | . He besieged the stronghold and captured Ada |
| Saxe-Coburg | ... republics before merging to form the state of Thuringia in 1920, except for | , which became part of Bavaria |
| Cooter Davenport | (Live action co-stars Waylon Jennings (narrator/"balladeer"), Ben Jones ( | ), Sonny Shroyer (Deputy Enos Strate), and Rick Hurst (Deputy Cletus Hogg) ... |
| William Paget | ... t erudite students of Greek that England possessed". Lily's pupils included | , John Leland, Antony Denny, Thomas Wriothesley and Edward North, 1st Baro ... |
| Welf II | ... subsequently regained Bavaria; two of his sons followed him in succession: | from 1101 and Henry IX from 1120. Both exercised considerable influence am ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | In 1989, U.S. Ambassador Charles Price and British Prime Minister | dedicated a bronze statue of Eisenhower in Grosvenor Square, London. The s ... |
| General Lake | ... uccessful attack at the fortress at Gawilghur, combined with the victory of | at Delhi forced the Maratha to a peace settlement (not concluded until a y ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... declined to return to duty; instead, encouraged by pacifist friends such as | and Lady Ottoline Morrell, he sent a letter to his commanding officer, tit ... |
| Eyskens, Gaston | ... - Eupen-Malmedy - European Movement Belgium - Eurostar - Evere - Evergem - | |
| Edward VIII | ... married Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe, the best friend, best man and equerry of | . Mosley exercised a strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a ... |
| Antwerp | ... ensity of hits were received by Croydon, on the southeast fringe of London. | , Belgium was hit by 2,448 V-1s from October 1944 to March 1945 |
| Godwin | Tostig was the third son of | (d. 1053), Earl of Wessex and Kent, and Gytha, daughter of Thorgils Spraka ... |
| Sir Thomas Cecil | His elder son, | , who inherited the Barony of Burghley on his death, was later created Ear ... |
| Charles II of England | ... e Edward Morgan was Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica after the Restoration of | in 1660. Henry Morgan married his uncle's daughter Mary, a cousin. Morgan ... |
| Welf | In 1070, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy to Count | , a member of an influential Bavarian family with roots in northern Italy |
| Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut | ... order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new Count of Holland | , his niece and only daughter of Count William VI of Holland. The army was ... |
| Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk | ... nd eventually marriages to Henry VIII. Also they were the granddaughters of | . He was the father of Anne's mother Lady Elizabeth Howard, later Elizabet ... |
| King George III | ... t. John's in Newfoundland. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of | , Prince Edward Augustus, the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently l ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... uded John Arlott, Peggy Ashcroft, the Bishop of Birmingham Dr J. L. Wilson, | , Viscount Chaplin, Michael de la Bédoyère, Bob Edwards, MP, Dame Edith Ev ... |
| King Edward III | ... rr, Lord of the Manor of Kendal in Westmorland (now Cumbria), descendant of | , and the former Maud Green (1492 –1531), daughter and co-heiress of Sir T ... |
| Count of Holland | ... ion of Leiden in order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new | Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, his niece and only daughter of Count Will ... |
| Enos Strate | ... (narrator/"balladeer"), Ben Jones (Cooter Davenport), Sonny Shroyer (Deputy | ), and Rick Hurst (Deputy Cletus Hogg) did not appear in this cartoon vers ... |
| Louis VII of France | ... y ceded it to their son, Henry, which cession was formally ratified by King | the following year |
| Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley | Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, | . The marriage proved to be short-lived as she died in September 1548, pro ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... into lawlessness, though the Vicar of Wymondham was appointed by the Abbot. | 's Dissolution of the Monasteries brought about the closure of Wymondham A ... |
| King George V | ... e attracted many famous people, among them Agatha Christie, Beatrix Potter, | and Haile Selassie who was so impressed with his visit that he gave his gu ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... ted with other men who would greatly influence him like G. Lowes Dickinson, | , Walter Lamb (brother of painter Henry Lamb), George Mallory, Bertrand Ru ... |
| King George III | ... ch included the profits of the Crown Estate (the royal property portfolio). | agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the ... |
| Henry VII | ... sion of the estates of Lady Margaret Beaufort. However, on the accession of | following the Battle of Bosworth Field, Lincoln took the oath of allegianc ... |
| Henry I | ... he monastery was founded in 1107 by William d'Aubigny, Chief Butler to King | . William was a prominent Norfolk landowner, with estates in Wymondham and ... |
| Robert de Beaumont | ... Gray the Bishop of Norwich, Eustace the Bishop of Ely, William Marshal, and | the Earl of Leicester to seek peace with Philip Augustus. Philip insisted ... |
| Duke of York | ... was a prominent naturalist. Richard Jennings came into contact with James, | (the future James II, brother of King Charles II) in 1663, during negotiat ... |
| King James II | ... now Lakeville Road. In 1691 Dongan fled to New England and then Ireland, as | and his Catholic forces failed to regain power in England and Ireland |
| Charles Theodore | ... is residence to nearby Mannheim. The court remained there until the Elector | became Elector of Bavaria in 1777 and established his court in Munich. In ... |
| Louis XVIII | ... circumstances considerably. After Napoléon's defeat at Waterloo, a Bourbon, | , the brother of Louis XVI, was restored to power. In 1814, Vigny enrolled ... |
| Thomas Cromwell | ... gue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, | made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which More continued to ... |
| Edward I of England | ... ieve Wallace must have had some earlier military experience; campaigns like | 's wars in Wales provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landho ... |
| John Jacob Astor | ... 1810, fur trader, entrepreneur, and one of the wealthiest men in the U.S., | of the American Fur Company, outfitted an expedition (known as the Astor E ... |
| Frederick Barbarossa | ... r the command of Richard Lionheart instead). The elderly Holy Roman Emperor | responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across Anatolia, but ... |
| Richard The Lionheart | In 1194 King | returned from being held captive in Austria, and set about summoning a fle ... |
| John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu | ... his time, Edward was forced to flee when he learned that Warwick's brother, | , had also switched to the Lancastrian side, making Edward's military posi ... |
| Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore | ... in which Frederick the town was named for, but the likeliest candidates are | (one of the proprietors of Maryland ) |
| William | ... rrs were a substantial northern knightly family. She had a younger brother, | , later 1st Marquess of Northampton, and a sister, Anne, later Countess of ... |
| Emperor Frederick I | The struggle for its possession continued until 1156, when | , in his desire to restore peace to Germany, persuaded Henry to give up Ba ... |
| Andrew Lloyd Webber's | ... er 2011, the Hall was used to broadcast the 25th anniversary performance of | Phantom of the Opera to cinemas across the UK - it was also the first time ... |
| Philippe II | ... penalties on him, and he soon reconciled with the Church. The French king, | , decided to act against those nobles who permitted Catharism and undermin ... |
| Henry VIII of England | ... nd tariffs on goods traded amongst them. Internal tariffs were abolished by | , they survived in Russia till 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain |
| Hugh X of Lusignan | ... by the king including his heir, later Henry III. In 1220, Isabella married | , Count of La Marche, by whom she had another nine children |
| Henry I | William I was succeeded by two of his sons: William II, then | . Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda (his on ... |
| Duchy of Spoleto | Pontanus was born at Cerreto in the | , where his father was murdered in one of the frequent civil brawls which ... |
| Henry VIII | ... loyalty to the crown, as it was a royal badge used by Katherine of Aragon, | and Mary Tudor |
| William I | ... liam V, Prince of Orange was handed over to the Dutch state by his son king | . This collection formed the basis of the Royal Cabinet of Paintings of ar ... |
| Duke of Valentinois | Cesare Borgia (; , ; 13 September 1475 or April 1476 – 12 March 1507), | , was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was t ... |
| King James VII | ... ith his father. These brothers included Robert, who fled after fighting for | in 1689 and became a banker in Rouen and half-brother George, who fled to ... |
| Conrad III | ... obtained the Duchy of Saxony in 1137. Alarmed at this prince's power, King | refused to allow two duchies to remain in the same hands, and declared Hen ... |
| Edward VI | ... ven some who had the power to relax restrictions on the press at the end of | 's reign. The first edition may have had little or only partial commercial ... |
| Lothair I | ... 29 September. Coins that bear both the image of Benedict III and of Emperor | , who died 28 September 855, exist; therefore, Benedict must have been rec ... |
| Edward IV of England | ... ere candidates pressed by kings, placating respectively James II of Cyprus, | , Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Ferdinand I of Napl ... |
| Stephen | ... as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135 one of William I's grandsons, | , laid claim to the throne, and took power with the support of most of the ... |
| Louis XVI | ... After Napoléon's defeat at Waterloo, a Bourbon, Louis XVIII, the brother of | , was restored to power. In 1814, Vigny enrolled in one of the privileged ... |
| Christian IV of Denmark | ... ercial relations with their former homes. Some migrated as far as Scotland. | invited some New Christian families to settle at Glückstadt about 1626, gr ... |
| Sir Thomas Audley | ... e was tried before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, | , as well as Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. He was charged with ... |
| Henry III | ... and hospice. During the thirteenth century Portsmouth was commonly used by | and Edward I as a base for attacks against France |
| Geoffrey Fitz Peter | ... his relations with other officers, Walter worked closely with the justiciar | , on the collection of taxation, and both men went to Wales in 1203 on a d ... |
| Duke of Normandy | ... s the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine by inheritance from 1129 and then | by conquest from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter an ... |
| Antwerp | ... ndisclosed De Beers technology developed in Maidenhead, United Kingdom, and | , Belgium |
| Kellermann's | ... mperial Guard, some 4,800 sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, | heavy cavalry corps and Guyot's heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to t ... |
| Henry III | ... ter whose death in 1026 it passed successively to Henry, afterwards Emperor | , and then to another member of the family of Luxembourg, ruling as Duke H ... |
| Francis, Duke of Teck | ... emberg, she was born and brought up in the United Kingdom. Her parents were | , who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a ... |
| King John | The town received its market charter in the year 1204 from | and around 250 stalls can still be found in the town centre every Monday, ... |
| Ernest Rutherford | Radiometric dating has been carried out since 1905 when it was invented by | as a method by which one might determine the age of the Earth. In the cent ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... as was Sheriff of Northamptonshire, Master of the Wards, and Comptroller to | . Sir Thomas Parr was also a close companion of King Henry VIII. Her mothe ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | He spent most of his working life in Rome, except for a short period when | ordered him back to France to serve as First Painter to the King |
| Henry | ... ecarious hold on power but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son | would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first monarch of the Angev ... |
| Lothair II | ... —the eldest, Louis II, received Italy and the title of emperor; the second, | , received Lotharingia; the youngest, Charles, received Provence |
| Lord Cranborne | The line "History teaches; never trust a Cecil!" was quoted with regard to | , a contemporary member of the Cecil family who, in 1998, was dismissed fr ... |
| Lord John Russell | Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary | , Emperor Napoleon III of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime M ... |
| J. Arthur Rank | ... films made in Great Britain during and after World War II – she was one of | 's 'well-spoken young starlets' – followed mainly by Hollywood films from ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... possession of the Howard family. Notable members of the Howard Family were | and Catherine Howard, second and fifth wives of Henry VIII. Both women wer ... |
| Jeffery, Lord Amherst | ... he institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after | , a veteran from the Seven Years' War and later commanding general of the ... |
| Maximilian | ... who was subsequently executed for these actions. Edmund sought the help of | , the Roman-German king. In 1506, Maximilian's son, Phillip of Burgundy, w ... |
| Harold Godwinson | ... orwegian king Harald III (Haraldr Harðráði), who was defeated by Saxon King | in 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge; in Ireland, the capture of Dubli ... |
| Benjamin Disraeli | In a letter to Queen Victoria, Prime Minister | proposed "to clear Central Asia of Muscovites and drive them into the Casp ... |
| Pierre-Simon Laplace | ... mathematicians as Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, | , and Adrien-Marie Legendre. At the end of the century, the members of the ... |
| Richard I | ... nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, the future monarchs | and John. Nevertheless, Henry managed to expand his kingdom. Upon Henry's ... |
| James VI of Scotland | The second son of | and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife on 19 No ... |
| John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk | ... Earl of Suffolk (1471/1472 – 30 April 1513), Duke of Suffolk, was a son of | and his wife Elizabeth of York |
| Milhaud's | Initially | reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and Lefebvre-Desnoëttes' light cavalr ... |
| Eugène de Beauharnais | ... axony and Bavaria. In addition, to the south, Murat's Kingdom of Naples and | 's Kingdom of Italy had a total of 100,000 armed men. In Spain, another 15 ... |
| Ferdinand I of Naples | ... Edward IV of England, Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and | ; one was the able administrator of the Franciscans; and the last two elev ... |
| Lord Kitchener | ... ifference of opinion with the British military Commander-in-Chief in India, | , regarding the status of the military member of the council in India, led ... |
| Charles VII of France | ... that the town took on a new lease of life, as the heir apparent, the future | , had sought refuge in 1418 in the province. The town remained faithful to ... |
| Henry | ... chosen German king as Henry II in 1002, gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law | of Luxembourg, after whose death in 1026 it passed successively to Henry, ... |
| Salvador Dalí | ... , the epic has also inspired other visual works by well-known painters like | who executed a set of ten colour engravings in 1974. Milton's achievement ... |
| Henry I of England | ... rench name for the planta genista, or broom shrub) he wore in his hat. King | , having heard good reports on Geoffrey's talents and prowess, sent his ro ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ller to King Henry VIII. Sir Thomas Parr was also a close companion of King | . Her mother, Lady Parr, was a close friend and attendant of Queen Catheri ... |
| Charles | ... led royal family in 1650, and in 1654 became official secretary to James on | 's recommendation, who had already been attracted by his "pleasant and agr ... |
| Guelders | ... and also included much of modern-day Drenthe. In 1336, it was made part of | , though it was ceded to the Bishopric of Utrecht in 1347 and was known as ... |
| Charles II | ... so referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles's son, | , who dated his accession from the death of his father, did not take up th ... |
| Louis XV | ... he bogus Lopukhina Conspiracy and other attempts of Frederick the Great and | to get rid of Bestuzhev (making the Russian court the centre of a tangle o ... |
| Frederick II of Legnica | ... h 1485, Ansbach–24 May 1537, Liegnitz), married on 14 November 1518 to Duke | |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... al backers included Sir Mark Thatcher, son of former British Prime Minister | and possibly the British novelist Jeffrey Archer. Somewhere between $3 mil ... |
| Henry VIII | ... other parts were added and a stable form finally appeared in 1540. In 1542 | authorised it as the sole Latin grammar textbook to be used in education a ... |
| Cardinal Mazarin | A centre of cloth production, begun under the patronage of | , supported the town until the late nineteenth century |
| Richard I of England | ... strategic importance to the Christians, but the leader of the Crusade, King | , constructed a citadel upon the ruins. Ashkelon subsequently remained par ... |
| William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth | ... chool and enable use of the Charity School's unspent trust funds. Named for | — an important supporter of Eleazar Wheelock's earlier efforts but who, in ... |
| Shirley Williams | ... n which the stranger replied "I'm so sorry. For a moment I thought you were | " |
| Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson | ... nate's blocking of his legislation, recommended to the new Governor-General | that both houses of the parliament be dissolved and elections called. This ... |
| Henry IV | ... Henry VII. In 1061, Empress Agnes, mother of and regent for the German king | , entrusted the duchy to Otto of Nordheim |
| Lord Kelvin | ... n, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and | , electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential too ... |
| Robert Carey | ... he charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wife of courtier Sir | , who taught him how to talk and insisted that he wear boots made of Spani ... |
| Conrad II | ... tz (in 1035 as the royal Salian estate of Silewize in a document by Emperor | ) and St. Johannis (possibly 1149 as Altentrebgast). Even the district of ... |
| Eugène de Beauharnais | ... for this accession of dignity was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with | . On March 15, 1806 he ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon |
| Arthur Balfour | | 's refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated by Sir ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... arlborough; the architect of Blenheim Palace, John Vanbrugh; prime minister | ; King George II; and his wife, Queen Caroline. The money she inherited fr ... |
| Charles IV | As early as 1361 Emperor | had conferred on Burgrave Frederick V the right to mint coins for the town ... |
| Frederick II | ... s, the Cathedral of San Sabino (1035–1171) and the Swabian Castle built for | , which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat ... |
| Maurice Maeterlinck | ... sed the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1911 which was awarded to his friend, | |
| Henry | Like the family of King | 's second wife, the Boleyns, the Parr family had gone up in the world as a ... |
| William X, Count of Poitou | # | (1136–1164) died unmarrie |
| Amalric I | ... kuh's troops camped outside of Cairo, Egypt's sultan, Shawar called on King | of Jerusalem for assistance. In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt ... |
| Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk | ... ine Howard, second and fifth wives of Henry VIII. Both women were nieces of | , who played a major role in the machinations behind their relationships, ... |
| James | ... d the exiled royal family in 1650, and in 1654 became official secretary to | on Charles's recommendation, who had already been attracted by his "pleasa ... |
| Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York | His mother was the second surviving daughter of | and Cecily Neville. She was also a younger sister to Edward IV of England ... |
| Cletus Hogg | ... oter Davenport), Sonny Shroyer (Deputy Enos Strate), and Rick Hurst (Deputy | ) did not appear in this cartoon version) |
| King James I | ... and arranging a smooth transfer of power to the Stuart administration under | . His daughter Anne became the first wife of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of ... |
| Alexander Seton, Lord Fyvie | ... d, with his father's friend and the Lord President of the Court of Session, | , appointed as his guardian |
| Francis I of France | ... rgs and Russia, in 1524 Sigismund signed a Franco-Polish alliance with King | . The agreement fell through, however, when Francis I was vanquished by Ch ... |
| Field Marshal Montgomery | ... beret suppliers to the armed forces during World War II, including famously | |
| Henry VIII | ... arrows and 137 whole longbows were recovered from the Mary Rose, a ship of | 's navy that sank at Portsmouth in 1545 |
| Henry VII | ... III, and then to another member of the family of Luxembourg, ruling as Duke | . In 1061, Empress Agnes, mother of and regent for the German king Henry I ... |
| Edward, the Black Prince of Wales | ... winning accolades and acquiring friendships with such historical figures as | and Geoffrey Chaucer |
| Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley | ... l College, Oxford. At university he took the Stanhope prize for an essay on | in 1877, became lecturer at Pembroke College in 1887, and fellow of All So ... |
| Jeffrey Archer | ... British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and possibly the British novelist | . Somewhere between $3 million and $20 million was expended on the failed ... |
| Richard III of England | ... hers, George, Duke of Clarence, and Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later King | ), were married to Isabella Neville and Anne Neville. They were both daugh ... |
| Richard I | ... ns on a red background are still part of the arms of Normandy. Henry's son, | , added a third lion to distinguish the arms of England |
| Edward IV of England | ... enet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was also a younger sister to | and Edmund, Earl of Rutland as well as an older sister to Margaret of York ... |
| Henry III | ... upt end after John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son | . Later in Henry's reign, Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebe ... |
| Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford | ... made among his high-born clients, Ogilby was eventually taken to Ireland by | , on his appointment as lord deputy there, and became tutor to his childre ... |
| Lord Exeter | ... k that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. | had opposed the railway passing through Stamford, so Peterborough, situate ... |
| Nicholas Kaldor | ... essed prices, as he was convinced that Japan would honour its obligations ( | pages 66–67) |
| John Jacob Astor | ... ed down the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, arriving at the mouth just after | 's Pacific Fur Company had founded Astoria. On his return to the north, Th ... |
| George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven | ... k (mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh), Queen Louise of Sweden, and | |
| John the Blind | ... man Emperor and Count of Luxemburg, was minting coins in Bastogne. In 1332, | , his son, granted the city its charter and had it encircled by defensive ... |
| William V | ... 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), daughter of Duke | of Bavaria. They had seven children |
| Lord Camden | ... f secretary of war in the new Irish government but the new lord-lieutenant, | , was only able to offer him the post of Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. ... |
| George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence | ... and Edmund, Earl of Rutland as well as an older sister to Margaret of York, | and Richard III of England |
| principality of Benevento | ... al of a state comprising a compact and strategic region between the Lombard | and the Byzantine city-states of the coast (Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi) |
| Ferdinand II | ... shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and | , Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in t ... |
| Sybilla | ... ing year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother Princess | , sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, Guy of Lusi ... |
| Joseph I | ... Habsburg sovereign of the Habsburg Empire. He succeeded his elder brother, | , as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (Charles II), Hungary and Croatia ... |
| Charles II | ... Britain. In 1793 her niece Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, daughter of Duke | married Frederick William III of Hohenzollern and in 1797 became queen con ... |
| James II | ... spurning their original legitimist ultra-royalist principles in regards to | to uphold it |
| Richard III of England | ... er sister to Margaret of York, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and | |
| Louis XV | Simultaneously, Elizabeth caused to be conveyed to | a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new treaty ... |
| Ferdinand I | ... King Louis II of Bohemia at the Battle of Mohács, Silesia was inherited by | , placing Opole under the sovereignty of the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria. ... |
| Bernard Montgomery | In a visit made sometime before the attack, | had told the British army commander in Palestine, General Sir Evelyn Barke ... |
| Charles X of France | ... e French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against | in 1830. In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second Fren ... |
| Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington | ... e Honourable Arthur Wesley", the fourth son—third of five surviving sons—to | , and Anne, the eldest daughter of Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungan ... |
| Władysław Łokietek | ... Voivodeship, one of the provincial capitals Voivodeships of Poland, by king | . A notable centre of trade, Kalisz was also located more or less in the c ... |
| King James I | ... to return without even making it to Roanoke Island. Having been arrested by | for treason, Raleigh was unable to send any further missions |
| Arthur of Brittany | ... 's choice was John, but Walter initially leaned towards John's young nephew | . When Marshall was insistent on John, who was an adult, the author of the ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... year-old Woodward rushed out into the parade of stars and sat on the lap of | , star Vivien Leigh's partner and future husband. She eventually worked wi ... |
| Frederick I Barbarossa | The elderly Holy Roman Emperor | responded to the call immediately. He took up the Cross at Mainz Cathedral ... |
| Samuel Slater | The village of Slatersville was largely built by | and his brother John Slater beginning in 1803. It is a well preserved orig ... |
| Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon | ... —to Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington, and Anne, the eldest daughter of | . He was most likely born at their townhouse, 24 Upper Merrion Street, Dub ... |
| William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk | His paternal grandparents were | and Alice Chaucer. Suffolk was an important English soldier and commander ... |
| Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | ... rg title. His siblings were Princess Alice of Greece and Denmark (mother of | ), Queen Louise of Sweden, and George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford ... |
| Laplace | ... on of photography, the grant for the publication of the works of Fermat and | , the acquisition of the museum of Cluny, the development of railways and ... |
| Henry | In 955 Henry's young son | , surnamed the Quarrelsome, succeeded him, but in 974 he became involved i ... |
| Stephen of Blois | ... itance. The border districts submitted to her, but England chose her cousin | for its king, and Normandy soon followed suit. The following year, Geoffre ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... leyn and John Seymour and Catherine's lineage, unlike that of Henry's wife, | , was better and more established at Court. Though not of the aristocracy ... |
| Derek Rayner | ... tting numbers from 732,000 to 594,000 over her first seven years in office. | , the former chief executive of Marks and Spencer, was appointed as an eff ... |
| Przemysł II of Poland | In 1282 the city laws were confirmed by | and in 1314 it was made the capital of the Kalisz Voivodeship, one of the ... |
| King George VI | ... e B of the Constitution Act, 1982, and the Letters Patent issued in 1947 by | . The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conv ... |
| Maria Theresa | ===Forced assimilation===In the Habsburg Monarchy under | (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to permanentl ... |
| Henry Curtmantle | ... ss Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, | , who succeeded to the English throne and founded the Plantagenet dynasty ... |
| Charles V | ... t, Cortés sent a troupe of ōllamanime (ballplayers) to Spain to perform for | where they were drawn by the German Christoph Weiditz. Besides the fascina ... |
| Henry | ... e reflects the Tudor period with emblems of the crucifixion and the arms of | and Aragon (the lands passed to Henry VIII as a consequence of the ) |
| Otto von Bismarck | ... ppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero. In 1866 Prussian Prime Minister | offered Victor Emmanuel II an alliance with the Kingdom of Prussia in the ... |
| King George III | ... of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Duke Adolphus Frederick IV, by marrying | became queen consort of Great Britain. In 1793 her niece Louise of Mecklen ... |
| Peter of Holstein-Gottorp | ... find a legitimate heir to secure the Romanov dynasty. She chose her nephew, | . Elizabeth was only too aware that the deposed Ivan VI, whom she had impr ... |
| William Marshal | ... Life of William Marshal, which dates to soon after 1219, when word reached | , one of the richest and most influential barons, that Richard was dead, h ... |
| Henry III of France | ... pt the Sabbath and feast-days as best they could, and prayed together. King | confirmed the privileges granted them by Henry II of France, and protected ... |
| Richard B. Haldane | ... would later contribute to his death. He spent two months in the infirmary. | , the Liberal MP and reformer, visited him and had him transferred in Nove ... |
| Robert Guiscard | ... the Byzantines lost Bari, their last possession in Italy, to the Normans of | in 1071. Simultaneously, they faced a serious revolt in the Balkans, where ... |
| Richard | ... r climate. Returning in November to India, he learnt that his elder brother | , now known as Lord Mornington, had been appointed as the new Governor-Gen ... |
| Adolphus Frederick IV | ... minent marriages: In 1761 Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Duke | , by marrying King George III became queen consort of Great Britain. In 17 ... |
| Benjamin Disraeli | ... Good Companions (1933), the lead in Alfred Hitchcock's Secret Agent (1936), | in The Prime Minister (1940), Cassius in Julius Caesar (1953) (BAFTA Award ... |
| Edward III of England | In 1328, King | inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered F ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... "Messalina", although they were pleased with her beauty. Her mother-in-law, | readily accepted her as John's wife |
| Lothair I | ... n the three sons of Louis the Pious. Middle Francia was allotted to Emperor | , therefore called Lotharii Regnum. Upon his death in 855, it was further ... |
| Charles | ... ogne became part of the lands of the Spanish Crown when the Burgundian heir | became King of Spain in 1516 |
| Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick | With the support of his cousin | ("The Kingmaker"), Edward defeated the Lancastrians in a succession of bat ... |
| William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth | ... ished a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named | |
| Henry II | ... res to reform the monasteries. His son and successor, chosen German king as | in 1002, gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry of Luxembourg, after who ... |
| Joseph Louis Lagrange | ... 8, 1794, the president of the commission which developed the metric system, | , proposed in a report to the commission the names déci-jour and centi-jou ... |
| Lord Willoughby | ... shortly after, but his son, the 2nd Earl of Carlisle, leased the patents to | for 21 years in 1647. Neither ever attempted to settle the northern island ... |
| General Harris | ... force be sent to capture Seringapatam and defeat Tipu. Under the command of | , some 24,000 troops were dispatched to Madras (to join an equal force bei ... |
| John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | ... astle was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by | , and the architect William Burges. Original Roman work can, however, stil ... |
| Edward I | ... unty to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of | |
| Michael Howard | During the 2005 general election, Conservative leader | visited the town. However, Sanders retained the seat with 40.8% of the vot ... |
| John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute | # | (30 June 1744 – 16 November 1814 |
| Frederick of Swabia | ... rned to Germany, in anticipation of the upcoming Imperial election. His son | led the remaining 5,000 men to Antioch. There, the emperor's body was boil ... |
| Luitpold | During the reign of Louis the Child, | , Count of Scheyern, who possessed large Bavarian domains, ruled the Mark ... |
| King James I | English (and Scottish) monarch | granted a patent to the Earl of Carlisle for Tortola, as well as "Angilla, ... |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | ... he belligerent victory of the Icamiaba “women” over the Spanish invaders to | , who, recalling the of Greek mythology, baptized the river Amazonas, the ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... e la Fresnaye and Jean Mairet). The support which the unities received from | eventually secured their complete triumph and Pierre Corneille, who had no ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... by Galileo, Luther, John Calvin, Voltaire, Sir Isaac Newton, Descartes, Sir | , Samuel Johnson, Thomas Hobbes, Goethe, and others. In addition, the coll ... |
| Sir John Lubbock | ... ithos, "stone", literally meaning "New Stone Age." The term was invented by | in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system |
| Secretariat | ( | , the 1973 winner, is credited with running 1:53 2/5 by the Daily Racing F ... |
| Duchy of Parma | ... t: Maria Theresa lost the mineral-rich Duchy of Silesia to Prussia, and the | to Spain |
| Henry II | ... covered the whole county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of | to that of Edward I |
| John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster | ... ied with Richard's treatment of him. As a descendant of Edward III, through | and Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Buckingham may have hoped ... |
| Stephen | ... ing royal action was the aftermath of the disastrous civil war between King | and the Empress Maud. The two competing factions had hired mercenary soldi ... |
| Ilya Prigogine | ... reasing "entropy gap", casting doubt on the heat death hypothesis. Invoking | 's work on far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics, their analysis suggests th ... |
| Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington | Chiswick House was inherited by | , 4th Earl of Cork and Baron Clifford (1694–1753) on the death of his fath ... |
| Earl of Cumberland | In 1598 the | is reported to have used the islands as a staging ground for his later att ... |
| Henry V of England | King | is credited with having invented what some consider the first true passpor ... |
| James Ensor | ... ssels art world. His articles brought many promising young talents, such as | , to the attention of the public |
| Paul I | ... 's mother. The marriage took place on 21 August 1745 with a son, the future | , finally born on 20 September 1754 |
| Alphonso the Magnanimous | ... delli, through whose influence he gained admission to the royal chancery of | . Alphonso discerned the singular gifts of the young scholar, and made him ... |
| Earl of Strafford | ... h legal campaigns, as it later did against Buckingham, Archbishop Laud, the | and Charles I. However, Parliament and James came to blows when the issue ... |
| Frederik VI | ... eived status as a merchant town under the name of Frederikshavn, after King | |
| George V | ... o under the British Raj (1857–1920). British had captured Delhi by 1803 and | announced in 1911 that the capital of British controlled parts of India wo ... |
| Manfred von Richthofen | On 7 July 1918, after the death of Wilhelm Reinhard, the successor of | , Göring was made commander of the famed "Flying Circus", Jagdgeschwader 1 ... |
| Hugh X of Lusignan | In the spring of 1220, she married | , "le Brun", Seigneur de Luisignan, Count of La Marche, the son of Hugh IX ... |
| Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester | ... descendant of Edward III, through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and | , Buckingham may have hoped to accede to the throne himself in due course. ... |
| her brother Thomas | ... l of 'gaiety and charm'. In 1793 he sought her hand, but was turned down by | , Earl of Longford, who considered Wellesley to be a young man, in debt, w ... |
| Prince Henry | ... ries from all over the world. Among those in attendance were George V's son | , Marshal Franchet d'Esperey of France, and the Prince of Udine representi ... |
| Richard I | Henry II of England died on July 6, 1189 following a defeat by his son | (Lionheart) and Philip II. Richard inherited the crown and immediately beg ... |
| King Henry VI | ... oners in 1876. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by | , survives. Prayers for the opening of the fair were once said at the morn ... |
| Antwerp | Jacob Le Maire (c. 1585, | or Amsterdam - December 22, 1616, at sea) was a Dutch mariner who circumna ... |
| Duke of Wellington | ... Marquess of Anglesey, and one of the heroes of Waterloo, who cuckolded the | 's brother Henry Wellesley and later - in one of the period's more celebra ... |
| Laurence Olivier | When | gave his acclaimed performance of Othello at the Royal National Theatre in ... |
| Rochambeau | ... as "the village of pretty houses." In addition, French troops under General | encamped in Farmington en route to Westchester County to offer crucial sup ... |
| Maria Theresa of Austria | ... d the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and husband of | , led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian ... |
| Charles X Gustav of Sweden | ... o territorially connect his two fiefs. Yet, during the Second Northern War, | invaded Ducal Prussia and dictated the Treaty of Königsberg (January 1656) ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... aynard Keynes, Walter Lamb (brother of painter Henry Lamb), George Mallory, | , and G. E. Moore. Moore's philosophy, with its assumption that the summum ... |
| Prince Rupert of the Rhine | ... ooning military leaders for political purposes. A pamphlet directed against | is a typical example. During the 19th century, irreverence towards authori ... |
| William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire | ... 4 and his widow in 1758, the property was ceded to the Cavendish family and | , the husband of Charlotte. After William's death in 1764, the villa passe ... |
| Feast of Saint Louis | ... t a church in the central village of La Plaza Medio and dedicated it on the | , June 21, 1851. The village was renamed San Luis de la Culebra in honor o ... |
| Cesare | ... rally accepted version is that Lucrezia was informed of this by her brother | , and she warned her husband, who fled Rome |
| Lord Fulton | ... inistrators at under-secretary level and above had been privately educated. | ’s committee reported in 1968. He found that administrators were not profe ... |
| Charles V of Spain | ... a personal hunting park. The castle was later mostly rebuilt in the age of | |
| Edward | ... hree children and was personally involved in the education of Elizabeth and | , both of whom became English monarchs. She was influential in Henry's pas ... |
| Henry Wellesley | ... e of the heroes of Waterloo, who cuckolded the Duke of Wellington's brother | and later - in one of the period's more celebrated scandals - married Well ... |
| Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers | ... ow of Henry VI's uncle, John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, but her father, | , was a new-minted baron. Elizabeth's marriage to Edward IV made the unmar ... |
| Richard Rich | ... most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth the Solicitor General, | , to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the ... |
| Norman Foster | ... entre and Concert Hall, Santiago Calatrava's Zubizuri, the metro network by | , the tram, the Iberdrola Tower and the Zorrozaurre development plan, amon ... |
| Charles the Bold | Image:Charles the Bold 1460.jpg|Portrait of | , 146 |
| Frederick II of Hohenstaufen | ... was conquered by the Arabs, who built here the first nucleus of the castle. | further fortified the town and created here a personal hunting park. The c ... |
| Louis the Bavarian | ... d thereby, Wiesbaden, received the right of coinage from Holy Roman Emperor | |
| James I of Scotland | ... nent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since | |
| Jacques Rogge | ... e invitation from China to the world to share in its culture. IOC president | was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conve ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ms of the crucifixion and the arms of Henry and Aragon (the lands passed to | as a consequence of the ) |
| William IV | ... eat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was | , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 201 ... |
| Conrad I | ... rians in 911, uniting Bavaria and Carinthia under his rule. The German king | unsuccessfully attacked Arnulf when the latter refused to acknowledge his ... |
| Theobald IV | ... Champagne. He received an education befitting a young noble at the court of | , count of Champagne: reading, writing, and the rudiments of Latin. On the ... |
| William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke | ... wning as King Henry III of England, she left him in the care of his regent, | and returned to France to assume control of her inheritance of Angoulême |
| Laurence Olivier | ... ielgud directed and alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio with a young | in his first professional Shakespearean leading role. Olivier's performanc ... |
| Francis Stephen | The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of | , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany ... |
| John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster | ... the service of the royal family, in the household of Catherine's ancestor, | . Their marriage alliance with the Ros (or Roos) family enhanced their sta ... |
| Lord Melbourne | ... . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV, who dismissed | in 1834. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch's authori ... |
| Admiral Nelson | A lock of | 's hair was given to the Imperial Japanese Navy by the British Royal Navy ... |
| Lord Dudley | ... ed Labour from office, with Fisher failing to persuade the Governor-General | to dissolve Parliament |
| Ada, Countess of Holland | Leiden was sacked in 1047 by Emperor Henry III. Early 13th century, | took refuge here when she was fighting in a civil war against her uncle, W ... |
| Henry IV | ... in. It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII (their father, | , had died during her childhood). Parliament reluctantly agreed to the mar ... |
| Lord Kitchener | ... s Act 1986. In addition, the wreck of the , which hit a mine while carrying | north to Murmansk on 5 June 1916 and sank off the west coast of the mainla ... |
| Henry II of England | ... g control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, King | reaffirmed his sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and prono ... |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... as found to be the fourth most recognisable after the Queen, Tony Blair and | |
| Henry Tudor | ... h this claim was though an illegitimate line, it was no weaker than that of | , who dislodged the House of York from the throne in 1485 |
| Edward VII | Since the reign of | a clerk in holy orders in the Church of England or in another Anglican Chu ... |
| John of England | ... reland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King | . Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the ... |
| Hugh XI of Lusignan | By Hugh X, Isabella had nine more children. Their eldest son | succeeded his father as Count of La Marche and Count of Angoulême in 1249 |
| Antwerp | ... It is on the Albert Canal and the European route E313, the highway between | and Liège, one of the reasons why it was the place for the first Belgian " ... |
| Philip the Fair | ... Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Low Countries for the family. His son | married the heiress of Castile and Aragon, and thus acquired Spain and its ... |
| Duke Alexander of Württemberg | ... ton Palace, London. Her father was Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, the son of | by his morganatic wife, Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde. Her mother ... |
| Home | ... th a special act to allow him to sit in the House of Commons; in 1963 Lords | and Hailsham were only able to be candidates owing to recent legislation p ... |
| Benjamin Britten | ... Jennings). Their work involved poets such as W. H. Auden, composers such as | , and writers such as J. B. Priestley. Among the best known films of the m ... |
| Peter III | ... alone, four emperors were assassinated within less than 200 years: Ivan VI, | , Paul I, and Alexander II |
| Galeazzo Maria Sforza | # 1494 Bianca Maria Sforza (1472–1510), daughter of Duke of Milan | |
| Charles V | Although | resisted the Protestant Reformation, he ruled the Dutch territories wisely ... |
| John | ... d peers attempted to undo Henry's reforms by the Magna Carta forced on King | , but by that time the reforms had progressed too far — and their superior ... |
| Ramon Berenguer IV | The dynastic union between Petronila, Queen of Aragon, and | , Count of Barcelona, produced a son, Alfonso II of Aragon who inherited a ... |
| Henry III | During the reign of | the Assize of Arms of 1252 required that all "citizens, burgesses, free te ... |
| Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne | ... d Flahaut resigned his commission. His eldest daughter, Emily Jane, married | . His youngest daughter, Georgiana Gabrielle de Flahaut, (d. 16 July 1907) ... |
| Edward I of England | ... not permitted to live in Wales between the 1290 Edict of Expulsion—given by | —and the 17th century. A Welsh Jewish community was re-established in the ... |
| Count Lestocq | ... lstein-Gottorp, resulted from some amount of diplomatic management in which | , Peter's aunt (the ruling Russian Empress Elizabeth), and Frederick II of ... |
| Charles V | ... Council. After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, | , accompanying Thomas Wolsey to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and m ... |
| Louis XV of France | ... François Georges-Picot, and also a great-great-great-granddaughter of King | by one of his mistresses, Catherine Eléonore Bernard (1740–1769) through h ... |
| Charles of Ghent | ... rik III of Nassau-Breda was appointed stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland by | in the beginning of the 16th century. Hendrik was succeeded by his son Ren ... |
| Bolingbroke | Still others such as Anthony Collins, | , Thomas Chubb, and Peter Annet were materialists and either denied or dou ... |
| John Maynard Keynes | ... r among merchants because it was what is now called "rent seeking". However | argued that encouraging production was just as important as consumption,an ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... and based on a novel by English author Daphne du Maurier. The film starred | and Joan Fontaine. This Gothic melodrama explores the fears of a naïve you ... |
| Bruno the Great | In 953 the German king Otto I had appointed his brother | Duke of Lotharingia |
| King George II | Colleges created by | of Great Britain |
| Laurence Olivier | ... d III in the first episode of Blackadder, "The Foretelling", which parodies | 's portrayal. He narrated the short film "Diplomatix" by Norwegian comedy ... |
| Tassilo I | ... he Upper Drava region, where they soon fought with the Bavarians under Duke | . In 592 the Bavarians won, but three years later, in 595 the Slavic-Avar ... |
| Philip Stanhope | ... g Whig ministers such as William Pitt, later the first Earl of Chatham, and | , the fourth Earl of Chesterfield. Although she left little to the poor an ... |
| Duke of Holstein-Gottorp | ... only two daughters, Anna and Elizabeth survived. Anna was betrothed to the | , nephew of the late King Charles XII of Sweden, Peter's old adversary. He ... |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson | ... red by Mozart's tune. The line "The True North strong and free" is based on | 's description of Canada as "that true North, whereof we lately heard / A ... |
| Lord Herbert of Cherbury | ... ts and religious wars since the beginning of the Reformation. In 1642, when | 's De Veritate was published, the Thirty Years War had been raging on cont ... |
| Francis, Duke of Teck | ... was born on 26 May 1867 at Kensington Palace, London. Her father was Prince | , the son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg by his morganatic wife, Countes ... |
| Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet | ... esses, Catherine Eléonore Bernard (1740–1769) through his great-grandfather | , and by whom Giscard d'Estaing was a multiple descendant of Charlemagne |
| Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork | ... Castlehaven sacked the town and Castle. Some restoration was carried out by | (1612-1698) to make it habitable again but neither he nor his successors l ... |
| Baroness Catherine Ashton | ... further five years. His vice president, as of 2010, is High Representative | |
| Simon de Montfort | When operations resumed in 1211 the actions of Arnaud-Amaury and | had alienated several important lords, including Raymond de Toulouse, who ... |
| Saxe-Lauenburg | ... tian also became Duke of Schleswig, a Danish fief, and Count of Holstein, a | ian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. Christian inherited Holstein and ... |
| Cesare Borgia | ... became Pope Alexander VI, and Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her brothers included | , Giovanni Borgia, and Gioffre Borgia. It is often suggested that Cesare a ... |
| Duke of York | ... 1 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king he was 4th | , 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was ... |
| Saigō Takamori | However, he was unable to win over former colleague | regarding the future direction of Japan. Saigo became convinced that Japan ... |
| Hailsham | ... ial act to allow him to sit in the House of Commons; in 1963 Lords Home and | were only able to be candidates owing to recent legislation permitting the ... |
| Leopold | ... aden-Baden, Maximilian was the son of Prince Wilhelm of Baden, third son of | , grand duke of Baden, and Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, ... |
| Wellington | ... dominion in parts of Catalonia lasted until 1814, when the British General | signed the armistice by which the French left Barcelona and the other stro ... |
| Edward de Vere | ... ich supports the idea that the works of William Shakespeare were written by | . His part largely revolves around his being father-in-law to de Vere, and ... |
| Henry the Fowler | ... again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king | in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh the Great, King Louis IV ... |
| Louis XV | ... was Peter's intention to marry his second daughter to the young French King | , but the Bourbons declined the offer as Elizabeth`s mother`s origin was d ... |
| Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers | ... related to Henry by her ancestress Joan Wydville (or Woodville), sister of | , father of King Edward IV consort, Elizabeth Woodville. When the Duke of ... |
| King George III | On 16 February 1768, the Royal Society petitioned | to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific to study and observe the ... |
| Sir John King | ... , the government was not keen to continue. In 1983, BA's managing director, | , convinced the government to sell the aircraft outright to British Airway ... |
| James I of England | ... her Scottish cousin, James VI of Scotland, to the English throne. He became | , and so brought under his personal rule the Kingdoms of England (and the ... |
| Lord Caledon | ... m Kilcoole in County Wicklow. Irish Cape Governors included Lord Macartney, | and Sir John Francis Cradock. Irish settlers were brought in small numbers ... |
| the Viscount Bennett | ... in state in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill. Only Mackenzie Bowell and | were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former Prime Mini ... |
| Otto von Bismarck | ... he bones of one British grenadier" was an echo of a famous sentence used by | : "The whole of the Balkans is not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian ... |
| Johann Georg I | ... Kapellmeister Daniel Eberlin (also a native of Nuremberg), in the employ of | , Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He met members of the Bach family in Eisenach (wh ... |
| George V | ... he idea received the support of the Dean of Westminster and later from King | , responding to a wave of public support. At the same time, there was a si ... |
| Ferdinand | ... pire when, in 1520, Emperor Charles V left them to the rule of his brother, | |
| William I | ... alighting, proceeded to examine the field". In 1820, the Netherlands' King | ordered the construction of a monument on the spot where it was believed h ... |
| Felipe V | ... Spanish Army in the battle of Saragossa in 1710. As a result of the battle | was forced to abandon Madrid and retreated to Valladolid |
| Henry VIII | ... arrows and 137 whole longbows were recovered from the Mary Rose, a ship of | 's navy that was sunk at Portsmouth in 1545. It is an important source for ... |
| C. P. Snow | ... both theoretically and experimentally. The well-known historian of physics, | , says about him, "If Fermi had been born a few years earlier, one could w ... |
| Henry IV | ... Silent of the Netherlands (1584), and the French kings Henry III (1589) and | (1610) lives were all ended by assassins. High medieval sources also menti ... |
| Philip III of Spain | ... he Duchy of Savoy, to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and | in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Marquisate of Montferrat. In Septe ... |
| Mieszko the Old | ... s initial privileges and in 1426 a new town hall was built. The Polish king | was buried in Kalisz |
| Charles II of England | The Royal Declaration of Indulgence was | 's attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Ro ... |
| Henry II, King of England | ... lished in the early 7th century. It was still an ecclesiastical centre when | stayed here in 1171, and except for a brief period after 1185 when his son ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... ve-minute hypothesis is a skeptical hypothesis put forth by the philosopher | that proposes that the universe sprang into existence five minutes ago fro ... |
| Charles II | ... areas. However, at the end of the century, after the death of the childless | (1700), the crown of Spain went to Philip V of the House of Bourbon. The G ... |
| Henry the Fowler | ... s through which the imperial authority could be exercised. By the reigns of | and especially of Otto the Great, comites palatini were sent into all part ... |
| George V | ... of Commons, but in private admitted that he was prejudiced against Curzon. | , who shared this prejudice, was grateful for the advice and authorised St ... |
| James I of England | ... mia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King | . However, after Frederick's defeat in the Battle of White Mountain in 162 ... |
| Antwerp | The main cities in Belgium in terms of population are Brussels, | , Ghent, Charleroi and Liège. Other notable cities include Bruges, Namur, ... |
| James II | ... on and take Anglican communion. When Charles II's openly Catholic successor | attempted to issue a similar Declaration of Indulgence, an order for gener ... |
| King George II | ... n South Carolina. In 1730, Camden became part of a township plan ordered by | . Kershaw County’s official web site states, “Originally laid out in 1732 ... |
| Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond | ... ldings, such as Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester at Holkham Hall, Norfolk | , at Goodwood House, and the Mansion House, nicknamed the "Egyptian Hall" ... |
| Frederick V | ... ol and Further Austria. The territories were only reunified by Ernest's son | (Frederick III as Holy Roman Emperor), when the Albertinian line (1457) an ... |
| duke of Spoleto | ... om his see at Cerveteri for safety. Sergius was forcibly exiled by Lambert, | , and all the official records were destroyed; consequently, most of the s ... |
| Josef II | ... ties (1767), and prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor | prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the R ... |
| Leopold I | ... ccession, ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father, | . Charles sought the other European powers' approval. They exacted harsh t ... |
| Henry III of England | ... of repentance for her many misdeeds. On a visit to Fontevraud, her son King | was shocked to find her buried outside the Abbey and ordered her immediate ... |
| Rollo | ... verran Rouen until some of them finally settled and founded a colony led by | (Hrolfr), who was nominated count of Rouen by the king of the Franks in 91 ... |
| Peter III of Aragon | On March 30, 1282, | waged war on Charles of Anjou after the Sicilian Vespers for the possessio ... |
| Henry III | ... (1296), William the Silent of the Netherlands (1584), and the French kings | (1589) and Henry IV (1610) lives were all ended by assassins. High medieva ... |
| Manfred von Richthofen | ... He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1, the fighter wing once led by | , "the Red Baron" |
| Philip V | ... er the death of the childless Charles II (1700), the crown of Spain went to | of the House of Bourbon. The Grand Alliance of England, the United Provinc ... |
| Harold II | ... he petty kingdoms of early medieval Britain. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch ( | ) was defeated and killed in the Norman invasion of 1066 and the English m ... |
| Gilbert | ... nkish kings. In 939 the East Frankish king Otto I brought the reigning duke | to heel and incorporated Lotharingia into his realm as one of the "younger ... |
| Lord Bassam of Brighton | ... recruits to the same terrorist training camps in Pakistan used by Al Qaeda. | , then Home Office minister, stated that International Sikh Youth Federati ... |
| Marquis de Lafayette | ... War hero Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, better known as the | |
| Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy | ... 1616 the pope sent him as nuncio to the Duchy of Savoy, to mediate between | and Philip III of Spain in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Marquisate ... |
| County of Hainaut | ... , the area was continuously disputed between the County of Flanders and the | . Therefore, the region (including neighbouring places like Lessines, Elle ... |
| Richard Boyle | ... ing his imprisonment for High Treason in 1602 to another famous adventurer, | , later 1st Earl of Cork |
| County of Flanders | ... ere. Since the 13th century, the area was continuously disputed between the | and the County of Hainaut. Therefore, the region (including neighbouring p ... |
| Sir Cyril Newall | ... d troops during the Battle of France. He, along with his immediate superior | , then Chief of the Air Staff, resisted repeated requests from Winston Chu ... |
| duc de Chartres | ... become commonplace in France, at the supper celebrating the marriage of the | to Louis XIV's natural daughter in 1692, the seating was described in the ... |
| Lord Moyne | On November 6, 1944, | , British Deputy Resident Minister of State in Cairo was assassinated by L ... |
| King Charles III | ... children sent to orphanages. Similar prohibitions took place in 1783 under | , who prohibited the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the Calo language, Roma ... |
| Freigraf | ... dy (a branch of the French royal dynasty) to render their rare German title | , which was the style of a (later lost) bordering principality, the allodi ... |
| Benjamin Disraeli | ... traditionally heard in silence. Whitlam responded to McEwen by stating that | had been heckled in his maiden speech, and had responded, "The time will c ... |
| James VI and I | ... of England, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (reign 1625-49) in 1600. | , the King of England, Scotland and Ireland and his wife, Anne of Denmark, ... |
| Salvador Dalí | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, | |
| Charles Augustus | ... e family well: she herself had intended to marry Princess Johanna's brother | (Karl August von Holstein), who had died of smallpox in 1727 before the we ... |
| Emperor Frederick III | ... ar from the Hereditary Lands. In 1477, the Archduke Maximilian, only son of | , married the heiress of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Low Countrie ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... rimental histories" by philosophical reformists such as William Gilbert and | , drew a significant following in the years leading up to and following Ga ... |
| Grand Duke Frederick II | ... , spent the rest of his life in retirement. In 1928, following the death of | , he became head of the House of Baden. He died at Salem the following yea ... |
| Prince Charles | ... gh took up residence at Clarence House. Their first two children were born: | in 1948 and Princess Anne in 1950 |
| Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge | ... rincess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the third child and younger daughter of | , and Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel. She was baptised in the Chapel Roy ... |
| Maria Theresa | ... abeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his two children: | , born 1717, the last Habsburg sovereign, and Maria Anna, born 1718, Gover ... |
| Lord Adrian | ... ch consensus, prompting the intervention of then University Vice-Chancellor | . Lord Adrian first offered the professorship to a compromise candidate, , ... |
| Philip II | ... . The people joined with the other Dutch and rebelled against Charles' heir | . Overijssel became governed by the most powerful mayors and lords in the ... |
| William Pitt | ... in annuities, she made financial bequests to rising Whig ministers such as | , later the first Earl of Chatham, and Philip Stanhope, the fourth Earl of ... |
| René of Anjou | ... held by Brabant. After the duchy of the Moselle came into the possession of | the name "Duchy of Lorraine" was adopted again, only retrospectively calle ... |
| Otto I | ... nce between the East and West Frankish kings. In 939 the East Frankish king | brought the reigning duke Gilbert to heel and incorporated Lotharingia int ... |
| Charles V | ... 16th century, the Rebellion of the Brotherhoods (a peasant uprising against | 's administration) and the frequent attack of Turkish and Berber pirates c ... |
| Floris V, Count of Holland | ... is from 1276 when Dirk van Santhorst received the "Soetrewold" fiefdom from | |
| Bertrand Russell | ... dicisse Pythagorea omnia ("They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean"). | , in his A History of Western Philosophy, contended that the influence of ... |
| Louis IX of France | ... Isabella and Hugh were summoned to the French court to swear fealty to King | 's brother, Alphonse, who had been invested as Count of Poitou, their moth ... |
| Lord Camden | ... the colony. Kershaw suggested that the town be renamed Camden, in honor of | , the champion of colonial rights |
| Henry II of England | The Assize of Clarendon was an 1166 act of | that began the transformation of English law from such systems for decidin ... |
| Charles V | ... nd was known as het Sticht. The Bishops ceded the Oversticht to the Emperor | in 1528, who styled himself Lord of Overijssel, thereby giving the provinc ... |
| Douglas Haig | ... attle has been a source of controversy: senior officers such as General Sir | , the commander of the British Expeditionary Force and Henry Rawlinson, th ... |
| King Henry VIII | ... nians. As the English Reformation progressed, their friaries were closed by | . The refectory of the Dominican friary was eventually converted into a th ... |
| George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham | In 1628 the unpopular favourite of Charles I | was stabbed to death in an Old Portsmouth pub by a veteran of Villiers' mo ... |
| William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling | ... a colony on Cape Breton Island at Baleine, Nova Scotia and Alexander’s son, | established the first incarnation of “New Scotland” at Port Royal, Nova Sc ... |
| William I | In 933 the islands, formerly under the control of | , then Duchy of Brittany were annexed by the Duchy of Normandy. The island ... |
| Archduke Charles | ... rlands) and Austria gave military support to a rival claimant to the crown, | . Catalonia initially accepted Philip V following prolonged negotiations b ... |
| Archduke Maximilian | ... began also to accumulate lands far from the Hereditary Lands. In 1477, the | , only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress of Burgundy, thus ... |
| Duke of Lothier | ... ne disintegrated into several smaller territories and only the title of a " | " remained, held by Brabant. After the duchy of the Moselle came into the ... |
| Henry V of England | ... forgotten after centuries of nonuse. During the late medieval period, King | (lived 1387-1422) ordered the use of the English of his day in proceedings ... |
| Christopher Monck | When Thomas Lynch died in 1684, his friend | was appointed to the governorship and arranged the dismissal of Morgan's s ... |
| Louis IX | ... 26. He died in November of that year, but the struggle continued under King | and the area was reconquered by 1229; the leading nobles made peace, culmi ... |
| Philip II | ... om of the former Aragonese confederation, eclipsing Barcelona. The reign of | marked the beginning of a gradual process of deterioration of Catalan econ ... |
| Duke of York | ... of Farmington but was sold to the Puritans in a land charter granted by the | in 1830. Avon was originally called Northington (the north parish) before ... |
| James I of Aragon | ... sed by the Moors (who called it Medina Mayurqa), and finally established by | |
| Margaret Thatcher | ... ign 1969–1997. The IRA also attempted to assassinate British Prime Minister | by bombing the Conservative Party Conference in a Brighton hotel. Loyalist ... |
| Henry VIII | ... k. In 1527, with some of the money from the dissolution of the monasteries, | built Southsea Castle and decreed that Portsmouth be home of the Royal Nav ... |
| Louis I the Fair | From 1348 Lubin Castle served as the residence of the Piast duke | and his descendants. In the quarrel with his elder brother Duke Wenceslaus ... |
| Lord Buckingham | ... s a day (twice his pay as an ensign), to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | . He was also transferred to the new 76th Regiment forming in Ireland and ... |
| John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich | ... f courtesan and socialite Martha Ray, his former lover, and the mistress of | . The Tyburn gallows were last used on 3 November 1783, when John Austin, ... |
| Strongbow | ... in 1169. The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, enlisted the help of | , the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murrough’s death, ... |
| Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars | ... e published a substantial historical novel, Cinq-Mars, based on the life of | ; with the success of these two volumes, Vigny seemed to be the rising sta ... |
| James I | ... n Burghley House and Theobalds (which his son, Robert, was to exchange with | for Hatfield House). As the Marquess of Winchester (Burghley's predecessor ... |
| Louis VIII | The situation turned again following the intervention of the French king, | , in 1226. He died in November of that year, but the struggle continued un ... |
| Duke of York | ... on at Westminster Abbey on 23 July 1986, the same day The Queen created him | , Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killyleagh all titles previously held by bo ... |
| Lloyd George | ... , India, at the time) and had lost “his old pompous ways”. Curzon served in | 's small War Cabinet as Leader of the House of Lords from December 1916. I ... |
| Charles Calvert | ... ulation was 146,551. Its county seat is La Plata. This county was named for | (1637–1715), third Baron Baltimore |
| Robert Walpole | ... his positions within the government and went into active opposition against | , Britain's first Prime Minister who was regarded as corrupting British po ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... s were astonishingly successful. In the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), he forced | of Burgundy to give up his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick' ... |
| Francis Bacon | ... es outlining a philosophy of science which might as easily be attributed to | centuries later. The novel's Roger Bacon serves to motivate Costain's prot ... |
| Philip IV | ... of the kingdoms, and were jealously guarded by the Catalan oligarchy. After | acceded to the throne in 1621, the Count-Duke of Olivares attempted to sus ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... ng to David Starkey, Catherine was most likely better educated overall than | . As a child, Catherine could not tolerate sewing and often ironically sai ... |
| Charles IV | ... his elder brother Duke Wenceslaus I of Legnica a 1359 judgement by Emperor | alloted Lubin along with Krzeczyn Wielki, Krzeczyn Mały, Osiek and Pieszkó ... |
| Henry VII | ... nd Tower be built at the mouth of the harbour, which was completed in 1426. | rebuilt the fortifications with stone, raised a square tower, and assisted ... |
| Richard of Gloucester | Although his son was quickly barred from the throne and replaced by | , Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York later became the Queen consort of ... |
| Edward I of England | ... Married Eleanor of Provence, by whom he had issue, including his heir, King | |
| King Charles II | By 1681, then-acting governor Morgan had fallen out of favour with | , who was intent on weakening the semi-autonomous Jamaican Council, and wa ... |
| Ferdinand II | ... ted Emperor to succeed his cousin Mathias, the ultra-pious and intransigent | , as he became known, embarked on an energetic attempt to re-Catholicize n ... |
| Charles the Bold | ... Barrois mouvant) as a fief by King Philip IV of France. The Burgundian duke | in 1475 campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but finally was defeated and ... |
| Margaret Mercer Elphinstone | ... and thence to Great Britain, where he married in Edinburgh on 20 June 1817 | (1788–1867), daughter of Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Ke ... |
| William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel | ... originated from St. Martin d'Aubigny in Normandy. Later, the founder's son, | , in 1174 founded Becket's Chapel close by in the town, to be served by tw ... |
| Philippe, Duke of Anjou | ... The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession, which pitted France's candidate, | , Louis XIV of France's grandson, against Austria's Charles, lasted for al ... |
| King George III | ... r Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of | and the father of Queen Victoria |
| Emperor Charles V | ... r became Holy Roman Emperor, because he predeceased his father, but his son | eventually united the Habsburg, Burgundian, Castilian, and Aragonese inher ... |
| Henry III | King | had a palace here. The spot is still marked on modern maps as "Cippenham M ... |
| Laurence Olivier | ... n his career as a classical actor. In 1959 he appeared as Sicinius opposite | in Coriolanus at Stratford-upon-Avon, directed by Peter Hall. He then appe ... |
| Mary of Burgundy | ... s (1474–75), he forced Charles the Bold of Burgundy to give up his daughter | as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian. With the inheritance of Burgundy, t ... |
| Godfrey of Bouillon | ... te unless he had prayed as a pilgrim at the Holy Sepulchre. Crusader Prince | , who became the first crusader monarch of Jerusalem, decided not to use t ... |
| George V | ... al Warrant. The firm received further warrants from Edward as king and from | both as Prince of Wales and as king |
| Louis XV | ... he had the satisfaction of seeing his daughter Maria become the consort of | and queen of France. From 1725 to 1733, Stanisław lived at Chateau Chambor ... |
| Richard III | Prior to his succession, on 22 June 1483, | declared that Edward V was illegitimate, and three days later the matter w ... |
| Archibald Sinclair | ... d Dresden. That evening Churchill asked the Secretary of State for Air, Sir | , what plans had been drawn up to carry out these proposals. He passed on ... |
| Charles II | ... recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, | gave George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the A ... |
| Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor | ... to I granted the bishop with temporal powers over the city. In 1007 emperor | , extended the bishop's temporal power to the territory surrounding Cambra ... |
| Lord Dunsany | Furthermore, Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of | with their pantheon of mighty gods existing in dreamlike outer realms, mov ... |
| John | ... at Westminster, on 2 February 1234, to heed the example of his father, King | . A week after his consecration he again appeared before the king with the ... |
| Lord Carrington | ... ancaster House Agreement a few months before the 1980 elections, chaired by | , institutionalizes majority rule and protection of minority rights. Since ... |
| Simon de Montfort | ... Vaux-de-Cernay. "In their shifts and breeches" according to another source. | now was appointed leader of the Crusader army, and was granted control of ... |
| Count-Duke of Olivares | ... y the Catalan oligarchy. After Philip IV acceded to the throne in 1621, the | attempted to sustain an ambitious foreign policy by taxing the kingdoms of ... |
| Hugh Trenchard | ... o. 16 Squadron. After the Battle of the Somme, Dowding clashed with General | , the commander of the RFC, over the need to rest pilots exhausted by non- ... |
| Duchy of Savoy | In August 1616 the pope sent him as nuncio to the | , to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Philip III of S ... |
| William the Lion | ... bey and its grounds are now within the Dumfries urban conurbation boundary. | granted the charter to raise Dumfries to the rank of a Royal Burgh in 1186 ... |
| Robert Walpole | ... f his work being savagely critical of the contemporary government under Sir | |
| Henry VIII | ... ices, and attacked the abuses and excesses of the Catholic Church. In 1521, | responded to Luther’s criticisms with a work known as the Assertio, writte ... |
| Charles Forte, Baron Forte | ... f F1 motor racing fame was educated at St Joseph's College, Dumfries as was | . St Joseph's was founded by Brother Walfrid, the founder of Celtic F.C |
| Leopold I | ... eslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius), the second son of the Emperor | and of his third wife, Princess Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, was born on ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... ates in Wymondham and nearby New Buckenham whose grandfather had fought for | at the Battle of Hastings. The d'Albini (or d'Aubigny) family originated f ... |
| Henry III of England | # King | (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272). Married Eleanor of Provence, by whom ... |
| Anne Boleyn | ... ndon Bridge created dangerous rapids. This gatehouse is also known today as | 's gate, after Henry's second wife. Work was still underway on Anne Boleyn ... |
| Lord Home | ... t Union (represented by Andrei Gromyko), the United Kingdom (represented by | ) and the United States (represented by Dean Rusk), named the "Original Pa ... |
| William the Conqueror | ... t the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, | , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings, by fortifying key posi ... |
| Adolphus Frederick | ... named Point Adolphus (today a well-known humpback whale feeding area) after | , seventh son of King George III. In 1878, W.H. Dall, while working on a c ... |
| Michel Ney | ... same day, the left wing of the Armée du Nord, under the command of Marshal | , succeeded in stopping any of Wellington's forces going to aid Blücher's ... |
| Edward VII | In the 1880s, Prince Edward (later | ) purchased his country seat of Sandringham House in Norfolk and asked Tho ... |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | ... ed her immediately moved inside. She was finally placed beside Henry II and | . Afterwards, most of her many Lusignan children, having few prospects in ... |
| Prince Charles | ... celebrated the tenth anniversary of its magazine supplement at the pyramid. | of Britain surveyed the new site with curiosity, and declared it "marvelou ... |
| Duke of Rutland | ... so upon the advice of his mother, his brother Richard asked his friend the | (then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) to consider Arthur for a commission in t ... |
| Count Gerhard III | ... ational hero for having assassinated an earlier German occupier of Denmark, | , was a contemporary analogue to World War II-era Denmark |
| Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua | ... ning in 1503, Lucrezia enjoyed a long relationship with her brother-in-law, | as well as a love affair with the poet Pietro Bembo. Francesco's wife was ... |
| King Ferdinand IV | ... this period. Napoleon's troops succeeded in entering Naples itself, forcing | to flee the city with his family. For the Maltese this meant that only Bri ... |
| Edmund Crouchback | Henry granted Kenilworth to his brother, | , in 1267. Edmund held many tournaments at Kenilworth in the late 13th cen ... |
| Gian Galeazzo Sforza | ... of classical antiquity. He and his third consort, Bona Sforza, daughter of | of Milan, were both patrons of Renaissance culture, which under them began ... |
| William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham | ... of Georgia, Chatham County was created February 5, 1777, and is named after | |
| Rudolf II | ... verted to Lutheranism, which Ferdinand I and his successors, Maximilian II, | , and Mathias largely tolerated |
| Marquis of Townshend | ... ally named "Port Townshend" by Captain George Vancouver (for his friend the | ) in 1792. It was immediately recognized as a good, safe harbor although s ... |
| Charles II of England | ... stocrats. Eventually the bones were gathered up and placed in an urn, which | ordered interred in Westminster Abbey in the wall of the Henry VII Lady Ch ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... h the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Collins was chosen as its Chairman, | as its President and Peggy Duff as its organising secretary. The other mem ... |
| Henry V of England | During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered to | , who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains. But Rouen di ... |
| King Henry VII | ... Richard III in the Wars of the Roses. More's work, however, little mentions | , the first Tudor king, perhaps for having persecuted his father, Sir John ... |
| Lord Macartney | ... Albert Hime, from Kilcoole in County Wicklow. Irish Cape Governors included | , Lord Caledon and Sir John Francis Cradock. Irish settlers were brought i ... |
| William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire | ... Savile, and daughter, Charlotte, inherited the house. Charlotte had married | in 1748. Charlotte died in December 1754 and Lady Burlington died in Septe ... |
| King George V | ... ed in the town – and it was used as a troop staging area. In September 1915 | and Queen Mary visited. After the war the Great Western Railway launched a ... |
| James III of Scotland | ... arete of Denmark (1456–1486), 13 years old married to the 17 years old King | # Frederick (1471–1533), Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, in Gottorp, later ... |
| The Prince of Wales | ... do on the city's southwestern end that hold annual polo and special events. | and Sarah, Duchess of York were seen in the polo clubs |
| Gothelo I | ... each to the rule of a margrave. Except for one brief period (1033–44, under | ), the division was never reversed and the margraves had soon raised their ... |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ... al authority decayed in the coures of the Thirty Years' War, Chief Minister | urged the occupation of the duchy in 1641. France again had to vacate it a ... |
| Simon de Montfort | ... s of the Capetian mainly from Ile de France and the north of France, led by | , against the nobility of Toulouse led by Count Raymond VI of Toulouse and ... |
| Henry IV of England | ... bowstaves to England was in 1294. In 1350 there was a serious shortage, and | ordered his royal bowyer to enter private land and cut yew and other woods ... |
| James I | ... le' is the history of Scotland from the mythical period to the accession of | in 1406 |
| Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria | The marriage of his daughter Kunigunde of Austria to | , was another result of intrigues and deception, but must be counted as a ... |
| Duke of Normandy | Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading | , William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings, ... |
| Charles II of England | ... Fundamental Orders, Connecticut was granted governmental authority by King | through the Connecticut Charter of 1662 |
| Geoffrey, Count of Nantes | # | (1 June 1134 Rouen- 26 July 1158 Nantes) died unmarried and was buried in ... |
| Antwerp | ... loyed in attacks against strategic points in Belgium, primarily the port of | |
| King George III | ... known humpback whale feeding area) after Adolphus Frederick, seventh son of | . In 1878, W.H. Dall, while working on a coastal survey, saw "Adolphus" on ... |
| Henry VIII | ... ters who were not called Sid or Sidney, namely, Carry On Henry (a parody of | ) and Carry On Dick (a spoof of legendary highwayman Dick Turpin), in both ... |
| Harold Macmillan | ... n, Robert Graves, David Jones and C.S. Lewis. Future British Prime Minister | was wounded in the hip, leaving him with a lifelong shuffle to his walk. H ... |
| Emperor Joseph II | ... cademy had schools for theology, law, pharmacy and general studies. In 1784 | granted the academy the right to award academic degrees (Licentiat and Ph. ... |
| Henry II of England | ... lanvill, who helped him become a clerk of the Exchequer. Walter served King | in many ways, not just in financial administration, but also including dip ... |
| Henry II of England | # | (1133–1189 |
| Alfonso | ... and the successful defense against a French crusade; his son and successor | ("the Generous") conquered Minorca; and Peter's second son James II, who f ... |
| Edward I | ... During the thirteenth century Portsmouth was commonly used by Henry III and | as a base for attacks against France |
| Charles VI | ... d three-quarters of the nobility were on his side, while his uncle, Emperor | , through the imperial ambassador at Saint Petersburg, persistently urged ... |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson | ... used mostly to glorify or sanctify war. The Charge of the Light Brigade by | , with its galloping hoofbeat rhythm, is a prime late Victorian example of ... |
| Henry V | ... mouth as a threat, the French again sacked the city in 1369, 1377 and 1380. | built the first permanent fortifications of Portsmouth. In 1418 he ordered ... |
| Ingerman | ... ian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of | the duke of Hesbaye. On several occasions, Lothair led his full-brothers P ... |
| Marquess of Lorne | ... een Victoria, Victoria Regina, by her daughter Princess Louise, wife of the | , then the Governor General of Canada |
| Henry IV | ... ioned in a document from the King of Germany, and later Holy Roman Emperor, | in 1071. This document granted Görlitz to the Diocese of Meissen, then und ... |
| Harold Wilson | ... ung parliaments. The first followed the February 1974 general election when | was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned the post followin ... |
| Fulk of Jerusalem | ... as constantly unstable. In response to these incursions into Outremer, King | constructed a number of Christian settlements around the city during the 1 ... |
| John Rushworth Jellicoe | ... main base of the British Grand Fleet, even though it was also unfortified. | , admiral of the Grand Fleet, was constantly nervous about potential subma ... |
| J. L. Lagrange | ... for examination at Toulouse, he astounded his examiner by his knowledge of | |
| James II | ... uccessor Alfonso ("the Generous") conquered Minorca; and Peter's second son | , who first acceded to the throne of Sicily and then succeeded his older b ... |
| John of Gaunt | ... ough his mother Cecily, who was a great-granddaughter of Edward III through | and his illegitimate daughter (Cecily's mother) Joan Beaufort, Countess of ... |
| Peter II the Catholic | ... and the family Trencavel that, as allies and vassals of the king of Aragon | , invoked direct involvement in the conflict at the Aragonese monarch, who ... |
| Emperor Frederick III | ... , Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire (a rank bestowed by | on the Leszczyński family) |
| Marquess of Winchester | ... h his son, Robert, was to exchange with James I for Hatfield House). As the | (Burghley's predecessor as Lord High Treasurer) had said of himself, Burgh ... |
| Diego Columbus | ... e then was active in leading the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from | , recently restored as Viceroy of the Indies. He founded a number of new S ... |
| Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton | ... ffluent young English women. Nightingale was courted by politician and poet | , but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her a ... |
| Philip II of Spain | ... mpton Court that Queen Mary I (Henry's eldest daughter) retreated with King | to spend her honeymoon, after their wedding at Winchester. The marriage wa ... |
| Louis XV | ... ravelling around the Cape of Good Hope. The Port is named in honour of King | . The first Governor was Count Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais |
| John Reith | First hopes for the Empire Service were low. The Director General, Sir | (later Lord Reith) said in the opening programme: "Don't expect too much i ... |
| Edward I of England | ... 05, Wallace was captured in Robroyston near Glasgow and handed over to King | , who had him hanged, drawn, and quartered for high treason and crimes aga ... |
| Archduke Ferdinand of Austria | ... Society of Jesus began to make its influence felt, and the Jesuit-educated | , who ruled over Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola before becoming Holy Roma ... |
| Hugh XI of Lusignan | # | (1221–1250), Count of La Marche and Count of Angoulême. Married Yolande de ... |
| Alfonso V | Ferdinand's successor, | ("the Magnanimous"), promoted a new stage of expansion, this time over the ... |
| John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough | ... , not love, Sarah enjoyed an unusually close relationship with her husband, | , whom she married in 1677. Sarah acted as Anne's agent after the latter's ... |
| Lord Lothian | ... rt, son of Frederick and Nettie, served as personal assistant to Ambassador | and supervisor of American Relief to Great Britain through the British emb ... |
| Philip III of Spain | ... f the Inquisition. The New Christians of Portugal breathed more freely when | came to the throne. By the law of April 4, 1601, he granted them the privi ... |
| Edward III | ... m to the throne through his mother Cecily, who was a great-granddaughter of | through John of Gaunt and his illegitimate daughter (Cecily's mother) Joan ... |
| Charles the Bold | # 1477 Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482), daughter of Duke of Burgundy | # 1494 Bianca Maria Sforza (1472–1510), daughter of Duke of Milan Galeazzo ... |
| Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester | ... who would marry firstly William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke; and secondly | , by whom she had issue |
| King George II | ... of Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, eldest daughter of British | . However, under the British Act of Settlement, Prince Willem-Alexander fo ... |
| Viscount Melbourne | ... otorious Lady Caroline Lamb, lover of Lord Byron and wife of Prime Minister | . The film was written and directed by Robert Bolt and starred his wife, S ... |
| Edward III | ... roying much of the town, with only the local church and hospital surviving. | gave the town exemption from national taxes to aid reconstruction. Only te ... |
| Maeterlinck, Maurice | Maarkedal - Maaseik - Maasmechelen - Maddens Doctrine - | - Magritte, René - Maingain, Olivier - Maldegem - Malle - Malmedy massacre ... |
| John Finch | ... ered a parliamentary adjournment on 10 March, members held the Speaker, Sir | , down in his chair so that the dissolving of Parliament could be delayed ... |
| Mary of Burgundy | # 1477 | (1457–1482), daughter of Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bol |
| Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery | ... en travelling on the Continent, through his freemasonry, through his cousin | , through Bishop Atterbury, through Dr Drake (the Jacobite historian of Yo ... |
| Bertrand Russell | ... had a solid empirical basis for our modern concepts of atoms and molecules. | states that they just hit on a lucky hypothesis, only recently confirmed b ... |
| Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor | ... schal II was not always established in Rome, since the city was occupied by | , and later sacked by the Normans. This also agrees with the earliest know ... |
| Paul I | ... emperors were assassinated within less than 200 years: Ivan VI, Peter III, | , and Alexander II |
| King Henry VIII | As secretary and personal adviser to | , More became increasingly influential in the government, welcoming foreig ... |
| James Ensor | ... ique include Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Francisco Goya, Whistler, Otto Dix, | , Edward Hopper, Käthe Kollwitz, Pablo Picasso, Cy Twombly, Lucas van Leyd ... |
| Bernard Miles | ... e, and actors Valentine Dyall, Dick Emery, Kenneth Connor, Dennis Price and | . The traditional plots involved Grytpype-Thynne and Moriarty getting Nedd ... |
| Charles I of England | ... and his servant, Baldrick, are the last two men loyal to the defeated King | (played by Stephen Fry, portrayed as a soft-spoken, ineffective, slightly ... |
| William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke | # Eleanor (1215–1275), who would marry firstly | ; and secondly Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, by whom she had i ... |